202 IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY
Unit 1
1. Immune response: Innate and adaptive immune system: Cells and molecules involved,
characteristics and mechanism. hematopoiesis and differentiation of
hematopoietic cells by cytokines. Toll‐like receptor‐component of innate immune
system; clonal selection theory.
2. Anatomical organization of immune system: Primary lymphoid organ, secondary
lymphoid organs. Ontogeny and phylogeny of lymphocytes, lymphocyte traffic.
3. Cell of immune system: Mononuclear cells and granulocyte, antigen presenting cells;
APCs: professional and Nonprofessional;
Lymphocytes and their subsets, lymphocyte surface molecules and receptors and flow
cytometry. Artigens, Heptanes: factor effecting immunogenicity; super antigen,
Antigenicity and immunogenicity.
4. Inflammation: its mediators and the process, cell‐adhesion molecules and their role in
inflammation, Leukocyte migration, lymphocyte homing, tissue injury and immune
response leading to an inflammatory reaction, role of anaphylotoxins, granulocytes in
inflammatory process.
Unit II
1. Major histocompatibility systems: Structure of MHC I and II molecule, polymorphism,
distribution variation and function. Organization of MHC with complex in Mouse and
human. Association of MHC with disease.
2. Recognition of antigens by T and B Cells: Antigen processing, role of MHC molecules in
antigen presentation and co stimulatory signals.
3. T‐cell receptor complex, T‐cell accessory membrane molecules, activation of T‐cell,
organization and arrangement of T‐cell receptor genes.
4. B‐cell receptor complex, activation and differentiation of B‐cells, Immunoglobulin’s
(Class and subclass): Molecular Structures, type and function. Antigenic determinants of
immunoglobulins (isotype, allotype and idiotype).
Unit III
1. Molecular mechanism of antibody diversity organization of genes coding for constant
and variable regions of heavy and light chain .Mechanism of antibody diversity, Class
switching .
2. Antigen‐Antibody infestation and affinity amusement.
3. Monoclonal Antibodies: Principle of hybridoma technology, production characterization
and application in diagnosis, therapy and basic research, Fusion methods.
4. Compliment system, components, Activation pathway and regulation of activation
pathway, complement deficiency, role of complement system in immune responses
opsonization (opsonin)
Unit IV
1. Cytokines: Suctions and function, cytokine receptors, Signal transduction mediated by
cytokine receptors, cytokine regulation of immune response, cytokine related diseases
and therapeutic application of cytokine.
2. Cytotoxic T‐Cell and their mechanism of action, NK cell and mechanism of target cell
destruction, Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity , techniques of cell
mediated immunity.
3. Immunoregulation by antigens, Antibodies, immune complexes, MHC and cytokines.
4. Hypersensitivity : Definition, lgE mediated Hypersensitivity, mechanism of mart cell
degranulation, mediators of type I reactions and consequences type II reaction, immune
complex mediated Hypersensitivity and delayed type Hypersensitivity.
Unit 5
1. Autoimmunity: Organ specific and systemic diseases, mechanism of autoimmunity.
2. Immune response during bacterial (tuberculosis), Parasitic (malaria) and viral (HIV.)
infection, congenital and acquired immunodeficiency; diagnosis and therapeutic
approaches.
3. Vaccines: Active and passive immunization, whole organism vaccines,
macromolecules as vaccines, Recombinant‐vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, synthetic
peptide vaccines and sub‐unit vaccines, Anti‐idiotype vaccines.
4. Immunodiagnostics: development of immunodiagnostics kits for infectious and non
infectious diseases with example. Precipitation techniques, Agglutination, fluorescence
techniques (FACS), ELISA, RIA, western Blotting and immuno‐histochemical techniques
(Avidin and Biotin system) Antibody engineering.
Practical Exercises
1. Blood Film Preparation and identification of cells.
2. Lymphoid organs and their microscopic organization.
3. Immunization and production of polyclonal antibodies.
4. Double diffusion and Immuno‐electrophoresis.
5. Radial immunodiffusion.
6. Purification of IgG from serum.
7. Separation of mononuclear cell by Ficoll‐paque.
8. Con‐A induced proliferation of thymocytes (by MTT Method).
9. Western blotting.
10. ELISA
11. Preparation o antibody‐enzyme conjugates.
Reference Books:
1. Immunology, Kubey, R.A. Goldsby, Thomas J.Kindt, Barbara, A. Osbarne (Freeman).
2. Immunology‐ A short Course, Eli Benamini, Richard Coico, Geoffrey Sunshine.
3. Immunology by Tizzard
4. Fundamentals of Immunology, William Paul.
5. Immunology by Roitt and others.
6. Immunology by Abbas.
