SEM- I
PAPER-I BOT. 211: Morphology of Angiosperms
PAPER-II BOT. 212: Plant Physiology
SEM- II
PAPER- I BOT. 221: Diversity of Angiosperms
PAPER-II BOT. 222: Horticulture
BOT. 203 Practicals Based on Theory Papers BOT. 211, 212,
221 & 222)
2
SEM- I
PAPER-I BOT. 211 : MORPHOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS
(Total Periods:52)
Objectives:
1. To study ground plan of angiospermic plants.
2. To study fundamental vegetative and floral plant parts.
3. To study plant parts, their modifications and functions.
Marks
Chapter I: Introduction: (3 Periods) (2)
1.1 Ground plan of a plant body, functions of different organs
1.2 Seedling morphology: structure of dicotyledonous
and monocotyledonous seeds, Epigeal and hypogeal germination
ChapterII: Root: (4 Periods) (4)
2.1 Definition, characteristics, functions of root, types of root
2.2 Types of modifications for storage, support and breathing:
a) Storage: Conical, Fusifrom, Napiform, Tuber.
b) Support: Prop, Floating, Epiphytic, Parasitic.
c) Breathing roots: Pneumatophores.
Chapter III: Stem: (6 Periods) (5)
3.1 Definition, characteristics and functions of stem.
3.2 Types: Creepers, Climbers, Lianas, Erect.
3.3 Modifications:
a) Underground: Rhizome, Tuber, Bulbs (Tunicated and Scaly), Corm
b) Subaerial: Runner, Sucker, Offset, Stolon
c) Aerial: Phylloclade, Cladode, Thorn, Stem-tendril, Bulbil.
Chapter IV: Leaf: (9 Periods) (7)
4.1 Definition, parts of a typical leaf, functions of leaf
4.2 Phyllotaxy: a) Alternate b) Opposite c) Whorled
4.3 Stipules: Free-lateral, adnate, interpetiolar, intrapetiolar, orchreate,
foliaceous, spiny, tendrillar.
4.4 Types of Leaf: simple and compound leaf
4.5 Venation: Types of venation
4.6 Modifications of lamina: Leaf spines, leaf tendrils, fleshy leaf,
insectivorous plant- pitcher, bladder-wort, venus fly-trap.
Chapter V: Inflorescence: (6 Periods) (5)
5.1 Definition
5.2 a) Racemose and their types, b) Cymose and their types, c) Special types:
Cyathium, Hypanthodium, Verticillaster
5.3 Significance of inflorescence
Chapter VI: Flower: (15 Periods) (10)
6.1 Definition
6.2 Parts of typical flower
6.3 Hypogyny, Epigyny, Perigyny
6.4 Bract, Bracteole, Modifications
3
6.5 Calyx: Modifications of calyx- acrescent, macrescent, petalloid calyx,
pappus, leafy (foliaceous) calyx
6.6 Corolla: Polypetalous and gamopetalous types
6.7 Perianth
6.8 Aestivation: Types of aestivation
6.9 Androecium: Cohesion and Adhesion
6.10 Gynoecium: Placentation types.
Chapter VII: Fruit: (9 Periods) (7)
7.1 Definition
7.2 Types:
A)Simple: (a) Dehiscent
(b) Indehiscent i) Fleshy ii) Dry
(c ) Schizocarpic
B) Aggregate fruits
C) Composite fruits: (a) Sorosis (b) Syconus
References:
Ganguly, H.C. & K.S.Das (1986). College Botany Vol.I (6th Edition), New Central
Book Agency, Calcutta, India.
Ganguly, H.C., K.S.Das and C.T.Datta (1968). College Botany Vol. I , New Central
Book Agency, Calcutta, India.
Lawrence G.H.M. (1951). Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. (Indian Edition) Oxford and
IBH Publications, New Delhi, Bombay, India.
Sharma, O.P. (1997). Plant Taxonomy. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New
Dehli, India.
Singh, V. and D.K. Jain (1992). Taxonomy of Angiosprms. Rastogi Publication,
Meerut, India.
Subramanyam, N.S. (1997). Modern Plant Taxonomy. Vikas Publishing house, New
Delhi, India.
4
SEM- I
PAPER-II BOT. 212 : PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
(Total Periods: 52)
Objectives:
1. To know importance and scope of the discipline.
2. To study plants and plant cells in relation to water.
3. To study the process of photosynthesis in higher plants with particular emphasis on light
and dark reactions, C3 and C4 pathways, limiting factors etc.
4. To study process of respiration in higher plants with particular emphasis on aerobic and
anaerobic respiration.
5. To study plant metabolism in higher plants, primary and secondary metabolites
Marks
Chapter I: Introduction, Scope and importance of plant (2 Periods) (2)
physiology.
Chapter II: Plant cells and water: (10 Periods) (8)
2.1 Physical and chemical properties of water: hydrogen bondswater
as Solvent, cohesion and adhesion forces
2.2 Movement of water in and out of plant cells and tissues
i) Diffusion: Definition, process with example, Diffusion pressure,
factors affecting diffusion.
ii) Osmosis: Definition, osmometer, osmatic pressure and osmatic
potential, Turgure pressure, Wall pressure, Diffusion pressure deficit
(DPD), their relationship and importance in water absorption by plant
cells, The concept of water potential
iii) Types of solutions: Isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions
Exosmosis, Endosmosis; Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis
vi) Imbibition: Mechanism, imbibition pressure or metric potential,
significance.
Chapter III: Plant and water relations: (15 periods) (10)
3.1 Water absorption by roots, surface area of absorption: Root hairs, Active
and passive absorption, Osmotic and non osmotic theories of water
absorption.
3.2 Ascent of xylem sap. Theories of ascent of xylem sap: Root pressure theory,
Cohesion theory with anatomy of water conduction ( structure of xylem
vessels including bordered pits, pit cavity and torus)
3.3 Transpiration- Magnitude, types, structure and mechanism of stomatal
opening and closing, Stewards theory, K+ pump theory, factor affecting
the process, significance of transpiration.
Chapter IV: Photosynthesis: (08 periods) (7)
4.1 Introduction and definition:
4.2 Structure of chloroplast and compartmentation of the process: light
reaction and dark reaction
4.3 Light reaction: Types, and functions of photosynthetic pigments in plant
5
kingdom. Arnon reaction, Cyclic photophosphorylation, Hill reaction, Noncyclic
photophosphorylation.
4.4 Dark reaction: Calvin cycle
4.5 C 4 pathway
4.6 Differences between C 3 and C4 pathways with examples of plants.
4.7 Law of limiting factors; effect of light, O 2 and Co 2 on photosynthesis
including Warberg effect
Chapter V: Respiration: (7 Periods) (5)
5.1 Introduction, definition and types.
5.2 Ultra structure of mitochondria
5.3 Steps in aerobic respiration- glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, Kreb’s
cycle, electron transport system (ETS), cyanide resistant respiration
5.4 Anaerobic respiration in plants- Alcohol fermentation
5.5 Factors influencing rate of respiration.
Chapter VI: Introduction to Plant metabolism: (10 Periods) (8)
6.1 Plants as organic laboratories
6.2 Primary metabolism and secondary metabolism
6.3 Chemical nature, types, distribution and functions of primary metabolites:
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats
6.4 Chemical nature, distribution and functions of secondary metabolites:
phenolics, terpenoids, glycosides and alkaloids
References:
Amar singh (1977). Practical Plant Physiology. Kalyani Publication, New Delhi,
Ludhiyana, India.
Jain, V.K. (1997). Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. S.Chand & Company Ltd. New
Delhi, India.
Kochhar, P.L. (1962). A Text Book of Plant Physiology. Atmaram & Sons, NewDelhi,
India.
Kumar, A. and S.S. Purohit (1998). Plant Physiology, fundamentals and Application.
AgroBotanical, Bikaner, India.
Meyer, B.S. & D.B. Anderson (1952). Plant Physiology. Affiliated East-west Press
Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi, India.
Mukharji & Ghose, A.K.(1996). Plant Physiology. Tata Macgraw Hill Publishing
company Ltd. New Delhi, India.
Pandey & Sinha (1999).Plant Physiology. Vikas Publishing House Pvt.Ltd. New
Delhi, India.
Rameshkumar, A.(1992). Practical Biochemistry. Kalyani Publication, New Delhi,
Ludhiyana, India.
Sarbhai, B.P.(1995).Elements of Plant Physiology. Anmol publication pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, India.
Srivastava, H.C. (1994). Plant Physiology. Rastogy Publication, Meerut, India.
6
Sundara Rajan (2000). College Botany (Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology
Vol.IV Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
Varma, V. (1984). Introduction to Plant Physiology. Emkay Publications, New Delhi.
Varma, V. (1995). A Text Book of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. S.Chand &
Company. New Delhi, India.
7
SEM- II
PAPER-I BOT. 221 : DIVERSITY OF ANGIOSPERMS
(Total Periods: 52)
Objectives:
1. To expose diversity amongst agiospermic plants.
2. To know evolutionary status of angiosperms in the plant kingdom.
3. To understand taxonomy and its functions.
4. To study system of plant classification with particular emphasis on Bentham &
Hooker’s system.
5. To study angiospermic families from morphological, taxonomical and economic point of
view.
6. To know importance of herbarium and their techniques.
Marks
Chapter I: Introduction: (3 Periods) (3)
1.1 Diversity of Angiosperm w.r.t. form, structure and function.
1.2 Distinguishing features of the group
1.3 Evolutionary status of Angiosperms
1.4 Alternation of generations
Chapter II: Taxonomy: (3 Periods) (3)
2.1 Definition and aims of Taxonomy
2.2 Taxonomy and systematics
2.3 Functions of Taxonomy
i) Identification
ii) Nomenclature
iii) Classification
Chapter III: Classification of Angiosperms: (5 Periods) (5)
3.1 Ranks of Classification
3.2 Binomial Nomenclature
3.3 Systems of Classification:
i) Artificial
ii) Natural
iii) Phylogenetic
3.4 Bentham & Hooker’s system of classification upto series
i) History,
ii) Outline upto series giving reasons
iii) Merits
iv) Demerits
Chapter IV: Study of families of Angiosperms: (35 Periods) (25)
(w.r.t Systematic position, general morphological characters, salient
features and economic importance)
i) Annonaceae ii) Malvaceae iii) Rutaceae iv) Meliaceae
v) Mimosaceae vi) Caesalpiniaceae vii) Papilionaceae (Fabaceae)
viii) Myrtaceae ix) Rubiaceae x) Sapotaceae xi)Apocynaceae
xii) Solanaceae xiii) Labiatae (Lamiaceae) xiv)Euphorbiaceae
xv)Liliaceae xvi) Commelinaceae
8
Chapter V: Herbarium: (6 Periods) (4)
5.1 Definition
5.2 Functions
5.3 Techniques: i) Collection ii) Drying iii) Poisoning iv) Mounting
v) Labeling vi) Deposition
References:
Jain, S.K. and Rao, R.R. (1977). A Handbook of Field and Herbarium Methods. Today
and Tomorrow Publishers New Delhi, India.
Kumar, N.C.(1992). A Introduction to Taxonomy of Angiosperm. Himalaya
Publishing House, Bombay, India.
Lawrence G.H.M. (1951). Taxonomy of Vascular plants. Macmillan, New York,
USA.
Naik, V.N. (1984). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata MacGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Ltd. New Delhi, India.
Pandey, B.P.(1997). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. S. Chand & Company Ltd., New
Delhi, India.
Sharma, O.P.(1993). Plant Taxonomy. Tata MacGraw –Hill Publishing company Ltd,
New Dehli, India.
Shivarajan, V.V. (1984). Introduction to Principles of Plant Taxonomy. Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co. New Delhi, India.
Singh, V. and Jain, D.K.(1992). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Rastogi Publications
Meerut, India.
Subramanyam, N.S. (2004). Modern Plant Taxonomy. Vikas Publishing house Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi, India.
Susilkumar Mukerjee (1984). College Botany Vol III Published by J.N. Sen. B.S.I.
New Central Book Agency Calcutta.
Vashistha, P.C. (1992). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. R. Chand & Co. Publishers, New
Delhi, India.
9
SEM- II
PAPER-II BOT. 222 : HORTICULTURE
(Total Periods: 52)
Objectives:
1. To know horticulture, its scope, importance and its disciplines.
2. To understand different horticultural practices and their methods.
3. To study importance, principles and types of Bahar treatment.
4. To study role played by green and poly-houses in horticulture.
5. To study production technology, harvesting and marketing of crops grown especially in
Khandesh region of Maharashtra.
6. To understand methods of preservation and preparation of preserved products prevailing
especially in this part of the state.
Marks
Chapter I: Introduction: (3 Periods) (2)
1.1 Historical background
1.2 Definition, scope and importance
1.3 Export and import potential of horticultural crops.
1.4 Different disciplines of horticulture
Chapter II: Propagation of Horticultural Plants: (3 Periods) (2)
2.1 Sexual propagation: Advantages and disadvantages
2.2 Asexual propagation:
i) Methods in brief
ii) Advantages and disadvantages
Chapter III: Cutting: (3 Periods) (3)
3.1 Definition
3.2 Methods of cutting:
i) Stem cutting: Softwood cutting, Hardwood cutting
ii) Leaf cutting
iii) Root cutting
Chapter IV: Layering: (3 Periods) (3)
4.1 Definition
4.2 Methods of layering:
i) Simple layering
ii) Compound layering
iii) Serpentine layering
iv) Air-layering or Gootee
Chapter V: Grafting: (3 Periods) (3)
5.1 Definition
5.2 Methods of grafting:
i) Whip grafting
ii) Wedge grafting
iii) Tongue grafting
10
Chapter VI: Budding: (3 Periods) (2)
6.1 Definition
6.2 Methods of budding
i) ‘T’ Shape budding
ii) Patch budding
Chapter VII: Training and Pruning of Plants: (5 Periods) (4)
7.1 Definition
7.2 Difference between training and pruning
7.3 Objectives of training and pruning
7.4 Advantages of training and pruning
Chapter VIII: Bahar Treatment: (3 periods) (2)
8.1 Definition, importance and principles
8.2 Types of Bahar ( Methods not expected)
i) Ambe Bahar
ii) Mrig Bahar
iii) Hasth Bahar
Chapter IX: Role of Green house and Poly-house in Horticulture: (5 Periods) (4)
9.1 Definition, Scope and importance
9.2 Green-house, Poly-house
Chapter X: Production technology of some important horticultural (9Periods) (6)
Crops: w.r.t. Commercial varieties, Climate, Soil,
Cultivation practices, Pest and disease management,
harvesting and methods of marketing: a) Brinjal b) Banana
Chapter XI: Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables: (12Periods) (9)
11.1 Introduction, scope, importance and principles
11.2 Methods of preservation
a) Temporary preservation
i) Asepsis
ii) Exclusion of moisture
iii) Use of mild antiseptic
iv) Pasteurization
v) Low temperature
b) Permanent preservation
i) Sterilization and processing: use of sugar, salts, vinegar or
chemicals
ii) Drying
iii) Ionizing radiation
11.3 Preparation of preserved products:
a) Mix fruit jam b) Wood apple or guava jelly
c) Lemon/ Orange squash d) Tomato ketchup
e) Ready to serve (RTS)
11
References:
Azad, K.C.and Sarma, V.K. (2000). Horticulture Technology (Vol I &II). DEEP &
DEEP Publications, New Delhi, India.
Bal, J.S. (1997). Fruit Growing. Kalyani Publication, New Delhi, Ludhiyana, India.
Bose, T. (1996). Fruits Tropical and Subtropical. Naya Prakashan, Calcutta, India.
Edmond, J.B., Senn,T.L., Anderew, F.S. and Halfacr, R.G. (1990). Fundamentals of
Horticulture. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi, India.
Girdharlal Siddhappa G.S. and Tandon, G.L. (1998). Preservation of Fruits and
Vegetables. ICAR New Delhi, India.
Hartmann, H.T. and Kester (1989). Plant Propagation Principle and practice. Prentice
Hall of India (P) Ltd. New Delhi, India.
Khan, M.R.(1995). Horticulture and Gardening. Nirali Prakashan, Pune, India.
Sen, S. (1992). Economic Botany. New Central Book Agency, Calcutta, India.
Sharma, N.K. and Arora, S.K. (1985). New Routes To increase Brinjal Production
Fmr. Parlim 20 (6) 11-12.
Sharma, V.K. (2004). Advances in Horticulture. DEEP &DEEP Publications, New
Delhi, India.
Sharma, V.K.(1999). Encyclopedia of Practical Horticulture
Singh, V.B.(1990). Fruits of NE Region. Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi.
Sonane, H.N., Deore B.P. and Patil, S.K.(1984). Vaishali (RHR 51) A High-yielding
Variety of Brinjal for Maharashtra. J. of Maharashtra Agriculture Uni. 9(3):
341-342.
Vishnu Swarup (1997). Ornamental Horticulture. Macmillan Ltd.New Delhi, India.
12
BOT. 203: Practicals Based on Theory Papers BOT. 211, 212, 221 &
222
(Total Practicals: 24)
Practical: 1) Study of Root and stem modifications as per syllabus
Practical: 2) Study of leaf morphology
i) Parts of typical leaf
ii) Types of leaf: Simple and compound
iii) Phyllotaxy: A) Alternate
B) Opposite: a) Superposed b) Decussate
C) Whorled
Practical: 3) Study of inflorescence:
i) Racemose types
ii) Cymose types
iii) Special types
Practical: 4 & 5) Study of flower morphology:
i) Calyx: Modifications and aestivation
ii) Corolla: Forms of corolla and aestivation
iii) Androecium: Adhesion and cohesion
iv) Gynoecium: Types of placentation (Permanent Slides)
Practical: 6) Study of fruit morphology:
i) Simple
ii) Aggregate
iii) Composite
Practical: 7) To find concentration of isotonic solution by plasmolysis method.
Practical: 8) To find rate of photosynthesis under
a) Light intensity b) Light quality
Practical: 9) To find rate of transpiration under
a) Wind b) Light
Practical: 10) Demonstration:
a) Imbibition pressure
b) Osmosis- Thistle funnel
c) Osmosis- Curling experiment
d) Ringing experiment
13
Practical: 11) Demonstration:
a) Relative transpiration
b) Ganong’s potometer
c) Kuhne’s tube
d) CO2 necessary for photosynthesis
Practical: 12) To identify following chemicals from plant material:
a) Amino acids from legumes.
b) Phenols in tea leaves and Supari (Areca-nut)
c) Alkaloids in Tobacco/ Datura.
Practical: 13) To construct floral diagram and to write floral formula selecting
different flower types.
Practical: 14 to18) Study of ANY TEN families as per theory syllabus w.r.t.
morphological characters, floral formula, floral diagram and
systematic position ( Sensu Bentham and Hooker) giving reasons,
(Selecting families possibly from all plant groups viz.,
Polypetalae, Gamopetalae, Monochlamydae and Monocotyledons)
Practical: 19) Study of garden tools and equipments.
Practical: 20) Study of propagation- i) Media ii) Containers iii) Potting iv) Repotting
Practical: 21) Study of Propagation method by
a) Cutting b) Layering
Practical: 22) Study of Propagation method by
a) Budding b) Grafting
Practical: 23 & 24) Preparation of preserved food products
a) Mix fruit jam b) wood apple or guava jelly
c) Lemon/Orange squash d) Tomato ketchup
e) Ready to serve-R.T.S./juices
N.B.
1) Submission of duly certified journal at the time of practical examination is
compulsory.
2) Botanical excursion tour, tour report and submission of five duly identified
herbarium specimens representing different families are compulsory.
PAPER-I BOT. 211: Morphology of Angiosperms
PAPER-II BOT. 212: Plant Physiology
SEM- II
PAPER- I BOT. 221: Diversity of Angiosperms
PAPER-II BOT. 222: Horticulture
BOT. 203 Practicals Based on Theory Papers BOT. 211, 212,
221 & 222)
2
SEM- I
PAPER-I BOT. 211 : MORPHOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS
(Total Periods:52)
Objectives:
1. To study ground plan of angiospermic plants.
2. To study fundamental vegetative and floral plant parts.
3. To study plant parts, their modifications and functions.
Marks
Chapter I: Introduction: (3 Periods) (2)
1.1 Ground plan of a plant body, functions of different organs
1.2 Seedling morphology: structure of dicotyledonous
and monocotyledonous seeds, Epigeal and hypogeal germination
ChapterII: Root: (4 Periods) (4)
2.1 Definition, characteristics, functions of root, types of root
2.2 Types of modifications for storage, support and breathing:
a) Storage: Conical, Fusifrom, Napiform, Tuber.
b) Support: Prop, Floating, Epiphytic, Parasitic.
c) Breathing roots: Pneumatophores.
Chapter III: Stem: (6 Periods) (5)
3.1 Definition, characteristics and functions of stem.
3.2 Types: Creepers, Climbers, Lianas, Erect.
3.3 Modifications:
a) Underground: Rhizome, Tuber, Bulbs (Tunicated and Scaly), Corm
b) Subaerial: Runner, Sucker, Offset, Stolon
c) Aerial: Phylloclade, Cladode, Thorn, Stem-tendril, Bulbil.
Chapter IV: Leaf: (9 Periods) (7)
4.1 Definition, parts of a typical leaf, functions of leaf
4.2 Phyllotaxy: a) Alternate b) Opposite c) Whorled
4.3 Stipules: Free-lateral, adnate, interpetiolar, intrapetiolar, orchreate,
foliaceous, spiny, tendrillar.
4.4 Types of Leaf: simple and compound leaf
4.5 Venation: Types of venation
4.6 Modifications of lamina: Leaf spines, leaf tendrils, fleshy leaf,
insectivorous plant- pitcher, bladder-wort, venus fly-trap.
Chapter V: Inflorescence: (6 Periods) (5)
5.1 Definition
5.2 a) Racemose and their types, b) Cymose and their types, c) Special types:
Cyathium, Hypanthodium, Verticillaster
5.3 Significance of inflorescence
Chapter VI: Flower: (15 Periods) (10)
6.1 Definition
6.2 Parts of typical flower
6.3 Hypogyny, Epigyny, Perigyny
6.4 Bract, Bracteole, Modifications
3
6.5 Calyx: Modifications of calyx- acrescent, macrescent, petalloid calyx,
pappus, leafy (foliaceous) calyx
6.6 Corolla: Polypetalous and gamopetalous types
6.7 Perianth
6.8 Aestivation: Types of aestivation
6.9 Androecium: Cohesion and Adhesion
6.10 Gynoecium: Placentation types.
Chapter VII: Fruit: (9 Periods) (7)
7.1 Definition
7.2 Types:
A)Simple: (a) Dehiscent
(b) Indehiscent i) Fleshy ii) Dry
(c ) Schizocarpic
B) Aggregate fruits
C) Composite fruits: (a) Sorosis (b) Syconus
References:
Ganguly, H.C. & K.S.Das (1986). College Botany Vol.I (6th Edition), New Central
Book Agency, Calcutta, India.
Ganguly, H.C., K.S.Das and C.T.Datta (1968). College Botany Vol. I , New Central
Book Agency, Calcutta, India.
Lawrence G.H.M. (1951). Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. (Indian Edition) Oxford and
IBH Publications, New Delhi, Bombay, India.
Sharma, O.P. (1997). Plant Taxonomy. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New
Dehli, India.
Singh, V. and D.K. Jain (1992). Taxonomy of Angiosprms. Rastogi Publication,
Meerut, India.
Subramanyam, N.S. (1997). Modern Plant Taxonomy. Vikas Publishing house, New
Delhi, India.
4
SEM- I
PAPER-II BOT. 212 : PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
(Total Periods: 52)
Objectives:
1. To know importance and scope of the discipline.
2. To study plants and plant cells in relation to water.
3. To study the process of photosynthesis in higher plants with particular emphasis on light
and dark reactions, C3 and C4 pathways, limiting factors etc.
4. To study process of respiration in higher plants with particular emphasis on aerobic and
anaerobic respiration.
5. To study plant metabolism in higher plants, primary and secondary metabolites
Marks
Chapter I: Introduction, Scope and importance of plant (2 Periods) (2)
physiology.
Chapter II: Plant cells and water: (10 Periods) (8)
2.1 Physical and chemical properties of water: hydrogen bondswater
as Solvent, cohesion and adhesion forces
2.2 Movement of water in and out of plant cells and tissues
i) Diffusion: Definition, process with example, Diffusion pressure,
factors affecting diffusion.
ii) Osmosis: Definition, osmometer, osmatic pressure and osmatic
potential, Turgure pressure, Wall pressure, Diffusion pressure deficit
(DPD), their relationship and importance in water absorption by plant
cells, The concept of water potential
iii) Types of solutions: Isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions
Exosmosis, Endosmosis; Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis
vi) Imbibition: Mechanism, imbibition pressure or metric potential,
significance.
Chapter III: Plant and water relations: (15 periods) (10)
3.1 Water absorption by roots, surface area of absorption: Root hairs, Active
and passive absorption, Osmotic and non osmotic theories of water
absorption.
3.2 Ascent of xylem sap. Theories of ascent of xylem sap: Root pressure theory,
Cohesion theory with anatomy of water conduction ( structure of xylem
vessels including bordered pits, pit cavity and torus)
3.3 Transpiration- Magnitude, types, structure and mechanism of stomatal
opening and closing, Stewards theory, K+ pump theory, factor affecting
the process, significance of transpiration.
Chapter IV: Photosynthesis: (08 periods) (7)
4.1 Introduction and definition:
4.2 Structure of chloroplast and compartmentation of the process: light
reaction and dark reaction
4.3 Light reaction: Types, and functions of photosynthetic pigments in plant
5
kingdom. Arnon reaction, Cyclic photophosphorylation, Hill reaction, Noncyclic
photophosphorylation.
4.4 Dark reaction: Calvin cycle
4.5 C 4 pathway
4.6 Differences between C 3 and C4 pathways with examples of plants.
4.7 Law of limiting factors; effect of light, O 2 and Co 2 on photosynthesis
including Warberg effect
Chapter V: Respiration: (7 Periods) (5)
5.1 Introduction, definition and types.
5.2 Ultra structure of mitochondria
5.3 Steps in aerobic respiration- glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, Kreb’s
cycle, electron transport system (ETS), cyanide resistant respiration
5.4 Anaerobic respiration in plants- Alcohol fermentation
5.5 Factors influencing rate of respiration.
Chapter VI: Introduction to Plant metabolism: (10 Periods) (8)
6.1 Plants as organic laboratories
6.2 Primary metabolism and secondary metabolism
6.3 Chemical nature, types, distribution and functions of primary metabolites:
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats
6.4 Chemical nature, distribution and functions of secondary metabolites:
phenolics, terpenoids, glycosides and alkaloids
References:
Amar singh (1977). Practical Plant Physiology. Kalyani Publication, New Delhi,
Ludhiyana, India.
Jain, V.K. (1997). Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. S.Chand & Company Ltd. New
Delhi, India.
Kochhar, P.L. (1962). A Text Book of Plant Physiology. Atmaram & Sons, NewDelhi,
India.
Kumar, A. and S.S. Purohit (1998). Plant Physiology, fundamentals and Application.
AgroBotanical, Bikaner, India.
Meyer, B.S. & D.B. Anderson (1952). Plant Physiology. Affiliated East-west Press
Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi, India.
Mukharji & Ghose, A.K.(1996). Plant Physiology. Tata Macgraw Hill Publishing
company Ltd. New Delhi, India.
Pandey & Sinha (1999).Plant Physiology. Vikas Publishing House Pvt.Ltd. New
Delhi, India.
Rameshkumar, A.(1992). Practical Biochemistry. Kalyani Publication, New Delhi,
Ludhiyana, India.
Sarbhai, B.P.(1995).Elements of Plant Physiology. Anmol publication pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, India.
Srivastava, H.C. (1994). Plant Physiology. Rastogy Publication, Meerut, India.
6
Sundara Rajan (2000). College Botany (Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology
Vol.IV Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
Varma, V. (1984). Introduction to Plant Physiology. Emkay Publications, New Delhi.
Varma, V. (1995). A Text Book of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. S.Chand &
Company. New Delhi, India.
7
SEM- II
PAPER-I BOT. 221 : DIVERSITY OF ANGIOSPERMS
(Total Periods: 52)
Objectives:
1. To expose diversity amongst agiospermic plants.
2. To know evolutionary status of angiosperms in the plant kingdom.
3. To understand taxonomy and its functions.
4. To study system of plant classification with particular emphasis on Bentham &
Hooker’s system.
5. To study angiospermic families from morphological, taxonomical and economic point of
view.
6. To know importance of herbarium and their techniques.
Marks
Chapter I: Introduction: (3 Periods) (3)
1.1 Diversity of Angiosperm w.r.t. form, structure and function.
1.2 Distinguishing features of the group
1.3 Evolutionary status of Angiosperms
1.4 Alternation of generations
Chapter II: Taxonomy: (3 Periods) (3)
2.1 Definition and aims of Taxonomy
2.2 Taxonomy and systematics
2.3 Functions of Taxonomy
i) Identification
ii) Nomenclature
iii) Classification
Chapter III: Classification of Angiosperms: (5 Periods) (5)
3.1 Ranks of Classification
3.2 Binomial Nomenclature
3.3 Systems of Classification:
i) Artificial
ii) Natural
iii) Phylogenetic
3.4 Bentham & Hooker’s system of classification upto series
i) History,
ii) Outline upto series giving reasons
iii) Merits
iv) Demerits
Chapter IV: Study of families of Angiosperms: (35 Periods) (25)
(w.r.t Systematic position, general morphological characters, salient
features and economic importance)
i) Annonaceae ii) Malvaceae iii) Rutaceae iv) Meliaceae
v) Mimosaceae vi) Caesalpiniaceae vii) Papilionaceae (Fabaceae)
viii) Myrtaceae ix) Rubiaceae x) Sapotaceae xi)Apocynaceae
xii) Solanaceae xiii) Labiatae (Lamiaceae) xiv)Euphorbiaceae
xv)Liliaceae xvi) Commelinaceae
8
Chapter V: Herbarium: (6 Periods) (4)
5.1 Definition
5.2 Functions
5.3 Techniques: i) Collection ii) Drying iii) Poisoning iv) Mounting
v) Labeling vi) Deposition
References:
Jain, S.K. and Rao, R.R. (1977). A Handbook of Field and Herbarium Methods. Today
and Tomorrow Publishers New Delhi, India.
Kumar, N.C.(1992). A Introduction to Taxonomy of Angiosperm. Himalaya
Publishing House, Bombay, India.
Lawrence G.H.M. (1951). Taxonomy of Vascular plants. Macmillan, New York,
USA.
Naik, V.N. (1984). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata MacGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Ltd. New Delhi, India.
Pandey, B.P.(1997). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. S. Chand & Company Ltd., New
Delhi, India.
Sharma, O.P.(1993). Plant Taxonomy. Tata MacGraw –Hill Publishing company Ltd,
New Dehli, India.
Shivarajan, V.V. (1984). Introduction to Principles of Plant Taxonomy. Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co. New Delhi, India.
Singh, V. and Jain, D.K.(1992). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Rastogi Publications
Meerut, India.
Subramanyam, N.S. (2004). Modern Plant Taxonomy. Vikas Publishing house Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi, India.
Susilkumar Mukerjee (1984). College Botany Vol III Published by J.N. Sen. B.S.I.
New Central Book Agency Calcutta.
Vashistha, P.C. (1992). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. R. Chand & Co. Publishers, New
Delhi, India.
9
SEM- II
PAPER-II BOT. 222 : HORTICULTURE
(Total Periods: 52)
Objectives:
1. To know horticulture, its scope, importance and its disciplines.
2. To understand different horticultural practices and their methods.
3. To study importance, principles and types of Bahar treatment.
4. To study role played by green and poly-houses in horticulture.
5. To study production technology, harvesting and marketing of crops grown especially in
Khandesh region of Maharashtra.
6. To understand methods of preservation and preparation of preserved products prevailing
especially in this part of the state.
Marks
Chapter I: Introduction: (3 Periods) (2)
1.1 Historical background
1.2 Definition, scope and importance
1.3 Export and import potential of horticultural crops.
1.4 Different disciplines of horticulture
Chapter II: Propagation of Horticultural Plants: (3 Periods) (2)
2.1 Sexual propagation: Advantages and disadvantages
2.2 Asexual propagation:
i) Methods in brief
ii) Advantages and disadvantages
Chapter III: Cutting: (3 Periods) (3)
3.1 Definition
3.2 Methods of cutting:
i) Stem cutting: Softwood cutting, Hardwood cutting
ii) Leaf cutting
iii) Root cutting
Chapter IV: Layering: (3 Periods) (3)
4.1 Definition
4.2 Methods of layering:
i) Simple layering
ii) Compound layering
iii) Serpentine layering
iv) Air-layering or Gootee
Chapter V: Grafting: (3 Periods) (3)
5.1 Definition
5.2 Methods of grafting:
i) Whip grafting
ii) Wedge grafting
iii) Tongue grafting
10
Chapter VI: Budding: (3 Periods) (2)
6.1 Definition
6.2 Methods of budding
i) ‘T’ Shape budding
ii) Patch budding
Chapter VII: Training and Pruning of Plants: (5 Periods) (4)
7.1 Definition
7.2 Difference between training and pruning
7.3 Objectives of training and pruning
7.4 Advantages of training and pruning
Chapter VIII: Bahar Treatment: (3 periods) (2)
8.1 Definition, importance and principles
8.2 Types of Bahar ( Methods not expected)
i) Ambe Bahar
ii) Mrig Bahar
iii) Hasth Bahar
Chapter IX: Role of Green house and Poly-house in Horticulture: (5 Periods) (4)
9.1 Definition, Scope and importance
9.2 Green-house, Poly-house
Chapter X: Production technology of some important horticultural (9Periods) (6)
Crops: w.r.t. Commercial varieties, Climate, Soil,
Cultivation practices, Pest and disease management,
harvesting and methods of marketing: a) Brinjal b) Banana
Chapter XI: Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables: (12Periods) (9)
11.1 Introduction, scope, importance and principles
11.2 Methods of preservation
a) Temporary preservation
i) Asepsis
ii) Exclusion of moisture
iii) Use of mild antiseptic
iv) Pasteurization
v) Low temperature
b) Permanent preservation
i) Sterilization and processing: use of sugar, salts, vinegar or
chemicals
ii) Drying
iii) Ionizing radiation
11.3 Preparation of preserved products:
a) Mix fruit jam b) Wood apple or guava jelly
c) Lemon/ Orange squash d) Tomato ketchup
e) Ready to serve (RTS)
11
References:
Azad, K.C.and Sarma, V.K. (2000). Horticulture Technology (Vol I &II). DEEP &
DEEP Publications, New Delhi, India.
Bal, J.S. (1997). Fruit Growing. Kalyani Publication, New Delhi, Ludhiyana, India.
Bose, T. (1996). Fruits Tropical and Subtropical. Naya Prakashan, Calcutta, India.
Edmond, J.B., Senn,T.L., Anderew, F.S. and Halfacr, R.G. (1990). Fundamentals of
Horticulture. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi, India.
Girdharlal Siddhappa G.S. and Tandon, G.L. (1998). Preservation of Fruits and
Vegetables. ICAR New Delhi, India.
Hartmann, H.T. and Kester (1989). Plant Propagation Principle and practice. Prentice
Hall of India (P) Ltd. New Delhi, India.
Khan, M.R.(1995). Horticulture and Gardening. Nirali Prakashan, Pune, India.
Sen, S. (1992). Economic Botany. New Central Book Agency, Calcutta, India.
Sharma, N.K. and Arora, S.K. (1985). New Routes To increase Brinjal Production
Fmr. Parlim 20 (6) 11-12.
Sharma, V.K. (2004). Advances in Horticulture. DEEP &DEEP Publications, New
Delhi, India.
Sharma, V.K.(1999). Encyclopedia of Practical Horticulture
Singh, V.B.(1990). Fruits of NE Region. Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi.
Sonane, H.N., Deore B.P. and Patil, S.K.(1984). Vaishali (RHR 51) A High-yielding
Variety of Brinjal for Maharashtra. J. of Maharashtra Agriculture Uni. 9(3):
341-342.
Vishnu Swarup (1997). Ornamental Horticulture. Macmillan Ltd.New Delhi, India.
12
BOT. 203: Practicals Based on Theory Papers BOT. 211, 212, 221 &
222
(Total Practicals: 24)
Practical: 1) Study of Root and stem modifications as per syllabus
Practical: 2) Study of leaf morphology
i) Parts of typical leaf
ii) Types of leaf: Simple and compound
iii) Phyllotaxy: A) Alternate
B) Opposite: a) Superposed b) Decussate
C) Whorled
Practical: 3) Study of inflorescence:
i) Racemose types
ii) Cymose types
iii) Special types
Practical: 4 & 5) Study of flower morphology:
i) Calyx: Modifications and aestivation
ii) Corolla: Forms of corolla and aestivation
iii) Androecium: Adhesion and cohesion
iv) Gynoecium: Types of placentation (Permanent Slides)
Practical: 6) Study of fruit morphology:
i) Simple
ii) Aggregate
iii) Composite
Practical: 7) To find concentration of isotonic solution by plasmolysis method.
Practical: 8) To find rate of photosynthesis under
a) Light intensity b) Light quality
Practical: 9) To find rate of transpiration under
a) Wind b) Light
Practical: 10) Demonstration:
a) Imbibition pressure
b) Osmosis- Thistle funnel
c) Osmosis- Curling experiment
d) Ringing experiment
13
Practical: 11) Demonstration:
a) Relative transpiration
b) Ganong’s potometer
c) Kuhne’s tube
d) CO2 necessary for photosynthesis
Practical: 12) To identify following chemicals from plant material:
a) Amino acids from legumes.
b) Phenols in tea leaves and Supari (Areca-nut)
c) Alkaloids in Tobacco/ Datura.
Practical: 13) To construct floral diagram and to write floral formula selecting
different flower types.
Practical: 14 to18) Study of ANY TEN families as per theory syllabus w.r.t.
morphological characters, floral formula, floral diagram and
systematic position ( Sensu Bentham and Hooker) giving reasons,
(Selecting families possibly from all plant groups viz.,
Polypetalae, Gamopetalae, Monochlamydae and Monocotyledons)
Practical: 19) Study of garden tools and equipments.
Practical: 20) Study of propagation- i) Media ii) Containers iii) Potting iv) Repotting
Practical: 21) Study of Propagation method by
a) Cutting b) Layering
Practical: 22) Study of Propagation method by
a) Budding b) Grafting
Practical: 23 & 24) Preparation of preserved food products
a) Mix fruit jam b) wood apple or guava jelly
c) Lemon/Orange squash d) Tomato ketchup
e) Ready to serve-R.T.S./juices
N.B.
1) Submission of duly certified journal at the time of practical examination is
compulsory.
2) Botanical excursion tour, tour report and submission of five duly identified
herbarium specimens representing different families are compulsory.
