Botany Paper – I (Plant Diversity)
First Term : Plant Diversity Part – I ( 36 Lectures )
1. Introduction to plant diversity: (4L)
Plant diversity – concept, Plant kingdom- Cryptogams and
Phanerogams, diversity in plant kingdom – habit, habitat, duration of
life, Position of plants in five kingdom system.
2. Algal diversity: (10L)
Occurrence, habitat, thallus, cell structure, pigment and food reserve
material, reproduction
Life cycle patterns in Ulothrix and Ulva
3. Fungal diversity: (10L)
Occurrence, cell structure (Myxomycetes – Stemonites and Eumycetes –
Aspergillus), thallus, nutrition and reproduction
Life cycle patterns in Cystopus and Agaricus
4. Lichen diversity: (3L)
Thallus, reproduction and association
5. Bryophyte diversity: (9L)
Occurrence, thallus, reproduction and sporophyte diversity
Life cycle pattern in Bryophytes
Second Term : Plant Diversity Part – II ( 36 Lectures )
1. Pteridophyte diversity: (8L)
Sporophyte, gametophyte and reproduction
Life cycle pattern in Pteridophytes
Diversity in stelar type
2
2. Gymnosperm diversity : (8L)
Sporophyte, gametophyte, reproduction and wood
Life cycle pattern in Gymnosperms
Affinities with pteridophytes and angiosperms
3. Angiosperm diversity: (14L)
Sporophyte diversity in habit, habitat, organization of body and nutrition
Mode of reproduction and dispersal
Gametophyte
Morphology and anatomy of root, stem and leaf with reference to
primary structure of dicot and monocot
Diversity of angiosperms as a basis for evolutionary success and
dominance
4. Conservation of plant diversity: (6L)
Concept, types and Need
Methods –In-situ and Ex-situ enlisting
Detail study of National Parks, Biosphere Reserve Programmes; Tissue
culture and Botanical gardens
Importance
3
Botany Paper –II (Plant Resources - Management and Utilization)
First Term : Plant Resources - Management and Utilization Part – I
( 36 Lectures )
1. Introduction : (6L)
a) Concept, natural resources, biological resources, plants as natural
resources
b) Management practices - need and methods
c) Utilization - Bioenergy, food, fodder, fibre, medicine and essences.
d) Plant Resources
Processed – Jam, jelly, squash, ketchup, raisin, pickle and rubber
Unprocessed – Honey, timber, wood, tannins and latex
2. Nursery management : (6L)
Introduction, types of nurseries and cultural practices
Seed (propagule) collection, selection of propagule materials, storage
and treatment
Manures, fertilizers and pesticides
Methods of irrigation – Drip, sprinkler and flood
3. Horticultural practices : (6L)
Introduction, branches and importance
Methods of propagation:
Vegetative –i) Natural - Rhizome, bulb, corm and sucker
ii) Artificial –Cuttings, layering, grafting and budding
Landscaping as a means of plant resources conservation
4) Greenhouse technology : (6L)
Introduction, advantages and limitations
Types of greenhouses
Greenhouse structure, principle – i) Site selection and orientation, ii)
Structure materials, iii) Covering materials, iv) Temperature and
humidity control
4
Greenhouse technology as applied to ornamentals, vegetables, fruit
plants and medicinal plants
5. Harvest Technology (8L)
Harvest technology management for fruits, flowers and medicinal plants
Artificial ripening, maturity indices, methods of picking
Post-harvest technology and management for fruits, flowers and
medicinal plants – Grading, processing, storage and packing
6. Weed management : (4L)
Introduction and need
Invasive weeds - concept and causes of their dominance
Weed control – Physical, chemical and biological methods
Sustainable use of weeds
Second Term : Plant Resources - Management and Utilization
Part –II ( 36 Lectures )
1. Flower arrangement : (5L)
Introduction, principles, types – social, formal and non-formal, materials
used, vase life improvement. Flower arrangement as a business
2. Biocontrol : (6L)
Introduction, sources and advantages
Important commercial products – Source, preparation and uses of
Pyrethins, Azadiractin, Trichoderma, Indiara, Trichogramma
Biocontrol as a agrobusiness
3. Phytoremediation : (6L)
Introduction, concept and principles
Plant population for phytoremediation processes
5
Phytoremediation strategies
Applications
4. Bioprospecting : (6L)
Introduction, concept and scope
Biochemical resources from plants and fungi
Untapped plant resources as potential resources
Sea weeds as a potential resource – Food, fodder and fertilizer
Applications
5. Forest as potential resource : (6L)
Introduction and scope
Major forest produce and their uses - Timber, fuel, paper (two examples
of each)
Minor forest produce and their uses – Gum, resin, tannin, dyes and
pigments (two examples of each)
6. Plant resources used in cosmetics, aromatics and pharmaceutics (7L)
Introduction and scope
Herbal preparations
Methods of extraction – Maceration, digestion, decoction, aromatic
waste, extracts and tinctures
i) Aloe, ii) Henna, iii) Lemon grass, iv) Rose, v) Jasmine vi) Turmeric,
vii) Ginger, viii) Neem, ix) Holy basil, x) Kuda, xi) Amala with
reference to part used, products and uses
6
PAPER III ( Practical Course based on Paper I & Paper II )
F. Y. B. Sc. Botany Syllabus (Practicals)
(1) Study of prokaryotic organisms. (Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Croococcus,
Microcystis and Scytonema). 1 P
(2) Study of thallus diversity in Algae : Chlorella, Volvox, Hydrodictyon,
Batrchospermum, Caulerpa, Ulva, Padina and Diatoms 1P
(3) a) Study of thallus diversity in fungi : Stemonites, Synchytrium, Plasmopara
/ Phytopthora and Mucor 1P
b) Study of thallus diversity in fungi : Phyllachora, Yeast, Puccinia,
Ustilago, Agaricus, Polyporus / Ganoderma, Aspergillus / Penicillium and
Fusarium. 1 P
(4) Study of Lichen diversity : Crustose, Foliose, Fruticose. 1 P
(5) Study of Bryophyte diversity : Riccia, Anthoceros, Funaria with
comparative account. 1 P
(6) Study of methods of propagation with the help of suitable materials –
tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, corms, suckers and runners. 1 P
(7) Propagation of horticultural plants by stem cuttings and air layering. 1 P
(8) Propagation of horticultural plants by grafting (Approach and stone) and
‘T’ budding. 1 P
(9) Visit to nursery and polyhouse/greenhouse. 1 P
(10) a) Preparation of jam and jelly 1 P
b) Preparation of squash and pickle 1 P
(11) Extraction of essential oil from lemon grass / rose petals and collection
and preparation of Henna powder / Aloe gel. 1 P
7
(12) Study of Pteridophyte diversity (Sporophytes) : Psilotum, Selaginella,
Equisetum, Nephrolepis with comparative account. 1 P
(13) Stelar diversity in Pteridophytes. 1 P
(14) Study of Gymnosperm diversity (Sporophyte) : Cycas, Pinus, Gnetum.
(comparative account of vegetative and reproductive diversity) 1 P
(15) Study of Angiosperm diversity with reference to habit – herbs, shrubs,
trees, climbers, epiphytes and parasites. (with one example of each) 1 P
(16) Study of Angiosperm diversity with reference to external adaptations :
hydrophytes, mesophytes, xerophytes and halophytes.(one example of each
with comparative account) 1 P
(17) a) Study of internal structure of dicot: stem, root and leaf. 1 P
b) Study of internal structure of monocot : stem, root and leaf 1 P
(18) Study of In-situ conservation : Visit to Botanical Garden/Reserve
forest/National park/Herbal Garden (Visit report expected). 1 P
(19) Flower arrangements : Formal, non-formal and social. 1 P
(20) Commercial products and their applications in biocontrol : Pyrethrin,
Azadiractin and Trichoderma 1 P
(21) Observation of plants used in phytoremediation :Echhornia, Azolla, Pistia,
Lemna, Algal blooms 1 P
(22) Study of plant resources and products : Yeast – Yeast tablets, Penicillium
– Penicillin, Spirulina – Spirulina tablets, Algal products – agar, liquid
biofertilizer, Bamboo – paper, Teak – timber, Acacia arabica - gum,
Asafoetida - resin, Acacia catechu – kath. 1 P
(23) Study of any two resources of fodder (Alfalfa, Sesbania), fibre (Cotton,
Coconut), medicinal (Amla, Aloe), biofertilizers (BGA, Azolla), honey, timber
(Teak, Sisso) and tannins (Acacia pod/bark, Tea). 1 P
8
(24) Observation of weeds with reference to Botanical Name, Family,
Morphological and Ecological peculiarities:
Native – Cynadon, Euphorbia, Amaranthus.
Exotic/Invasive – Parthenium, Xanthium, Alternanthera, Argemone 1 P
*Students of F. Y. B. Sc. must submit a visit report at the time of practical
examination with reference to Sacred Groves / National Park / Reserve Forest /
Botanical Garden and Nursery / Greenhouse.
* Study tour for observation of plant diversity in nature is compulsory. Report
on excursion is to be submitted at the time of examination. Submission of
herbarium is not expected but photographs may be submitted along with report.
First Term : Plant Diversity Part – I ( 36 Lectures )
1. Introduction to plant diversity: (4L)
Plant diversity – concept, Plant kingdom- Cryptogams and
Phanerogams, diversity in plant kingdom – habit, habitat, duration of
life, Position of plants in five kingdom system.
2. Algal diversity: (10L)
Occurrence, habitat, thallus, cell structure, pigment and food reserve
material, reproduction
Life cycle patterns in Ulothrix and Ulva
3. Fungal diversity: (10L)
Occurrence, cell structure (Myxomycetes – Stemonites and Eumycetes –
Aspergillus), thallus, nutrition and reproduction
Life cycle patterns in Cystopus and Agaricus
4. Lichen diversity: (3L)
Thallus, reproduction and association
5. Bryophyte diversity: (9L)
Occurrence, thallus, reproduction and sporophyte diversity
Life cycle pattern in Bryophytes
Second Term : Plant Diversity Part – II ( 36 Lectures )
1. Pteridophyte diversity: (8L)
Sporophyte, gametophyte and reproduction
Life cycle pattern in Pteridophytes
Diversity in stelar type
2
2. Gymnosperm diversity : (8L)
Sporophyte, gametophyte, reproduction and wood
Life cycle pattern in Gymnosperms
Affinities with pteridophytes and angiosperms
3. Angiosperm diversity: (14L)
Sporophyte diversity in habit, habitat, organization of body and nutrition
Mode of reproduction and dispersal
Gametophyte
Morphology and anatomy of root, stem and leaf with reference to
primary structure of dicot and monocot
Diversity of angiosperms as a basis for evolutionary success and
dominance
4. Conservation of plant diversity: (6L)
Concept, types and Need
Methods –In-situ and Ex-situ enlisting
Detail study of National Parks, Biosphere Reserve Programmes; Tissue
culture and Botanical gardens
Importance
3
Botany Paper –II (Plant Resources - Management and Utilization)
First Term : Plant Resources - Management and Utilization Part – I
( 36 Lectures )
1. Introduction : (6L)
a) Concept, natural resources, biological resources, plants as natural
resources
b) Management practices - need and methods
c) Utilization - Bioenergy, food, fodder, fibre, medicine and essences.
d) Plant Resources
Processed – Jam, jelly, squash, ketchup, raisin, pickle and rubber
Unprocessed – Honey, timber, wood, tannins and latex
2. Nursery management : (6L)
Introduction, types of nurseries and cultural practices
Seed (propagule) collection, selection of propagule materials, storage
and treatment
Manures, fertilizers and pesticides
Methods of irrigation – Drip, sprinkler and flood
3. Horticultural practices : (6L)
Introduction, branches and importance
Methods of propagation:
Vegetative –i) Natural - Rhizome, bulb, corm and sucker
ii) Artificial –Cuttings, layering, grafting and budding
Landscaping as a means of plant resources conservation
4) Greenhouse technology : (6L)
Introduction, advantages and limitations
Types of greenhouses
Greenhouse structure, principle – i) Site selection and orientation, ii)
Structure materials, iii) Covering materials, iv) Temperature and
humidity control
4
Greenhouse technology as applied to ornamentals, vegetables, fruit
plants and medicinal plants
5. Harvest Technology (8L)
Harvest technology management for fruits, flowers and medicinal plants
Artificial ripening, maturity indices, methods of picking
Post-harvest technology and management for fruits, flowers and
medicinal plants – Grading, processing, storage and packing
6. Weed management : (4L)
Introduction and need
Invasive weeds - concept and causes of their dominance
Weed control – Physical, chemical and biological methods
Sustainable use of weeds
Second Term : Plant Resources - Management and Utilization
Part –II ( 36 Lectures )
1. Flower arrangement : (5L)
Introduction, principles, types – social, formal and non-formal, materials
used, vase life improvement. Flower arrangement as a business
2. Biocontrol : (6L)
Introduction, sources and advantages
Important commercial products – Source, preparation and uses of
Pyrethins, Azadiractin, Trichoderma, Indiara, Trichogramma
Biocontrol as a agrobusiness
3. Phytoremediation : (6L)
Introduction, concept and principles
Plant population for phytoremediation processes
5
Phytoremediation strategies
Applications
4. Bioprospecting : (6L)
Introduction, concept and scope
Biochemical resources from plants and fungi
Untapped plant resources as potential resources
Sea weeds as a potential resource – Food, fodder and fertilizer
Applications
5. Forest as potential resource : (6L)
Introduction and scope
Major forest produce and their uses - Timber, fuel, paper (two examples
of each)
Minor forest produce and their uses – Gum, resin, tannin, dyes and
pigments (two examples of each)
6. Plant resources used in cosmetics, aromatics and pharmaceutics (7L)
Introduction and scope
Herbal preparations
Methods of extraction – Maceration, digestion, decoction, aromatic
waste, extracts and tinctures
i) Aloe, ii) Henna, iii) Lemon grass, iv) Rose, v) Jasmine vi) Turmeric,
vii) Ginger, viii) Neem, ix) Holy basil, x) Kuda, xi) Amala with
reference to part used, products and uses
6
PAPER III ( Practical Course based on Paper I & Paper II )
F. Y. B. Sc. Botany Syllabus (Practicals)
(1) Study of prokaryotic organisms. (Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Croococcus,
Microcystis and Scytonema). 1 P
(2) Study of thallus diversity in Algae : Chlorella, Volvox, Hydrodictyon,
Batrchospermum, Caulerpa, Ulva, Padina and Diatoms 1P
(3) a) Study of thallus diversity in fungi : Stemonites, Synchytrium, Plasmopara
/ Phytopthora and Mucor 1P
b) Study of thallus diversity in fungi : Phyllachora, Yeast, Puccinia,
Ustilago, Agaricus, Polyporus / Ganoderma, Aspergillus / Penicillium and
Fusarium. 1 P
(4) Study of Lichen diversity : Crustose, Foliose, Fruticose. 1 P
(5) Study of Bryophyte diversity : Riccia, Anthoceros, Funaria with
comparative account. 1 P
(6) Study of methods of propagation with the help of suitable materials –
tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, corms, suckers and runners. 1 P
(7) Propagation of horticultural plants by stem cuttings and air layering. 1 P
(8) Propagation of horticultural plants by grafting (Approach and stone) and
‘T’ budding. 1 P
(9) Visit to nursery and polyhouse/greenhouse. 1 P
(10) a) Preparation of jam and jelly 1 P
b) Preparation of squash and pickle 1 P
(11) Extraction of essential oil from lemon grass / rose petals and collection
and preparation of Henna powder / Aloe gel. 1 P
7
(12) Study of Pteridophyte diversity (Sporophytes) : Psilotum, Selaginella,
Equisetum, Nephrolepis with comparative account. 1 P
(13) Stelar diversity in Pteridophytes. 1 P
(14) Study of Gymnosperm diversity (Sporophyte) : Cycas, Pinus, Gnetum.
(comparative account of vegetative and reproductive diversity) 1 P
(15) Study of Angiosperm diversity with reference to habit – herbs, shrubs,
trees, climbers, epiphytes and parasites. (with one example of each) 1 P
(16) Study of Angiosperm diversity with reference to external adaptations :
hydrophytes, mesophytes, xerophytes and halophytes.(one example of each
with comparative account) 1 P
(17) a) Study of internal structure of dicot: stem, root and leaf. 1 P
b) Study of internal structure of monocot : stem, root and leaf 1 P
(18) Study of In-situ conservation : Visit to Botanical Garden/Reserve
forest/National park/Herbal Garden (Visit report expected). 1 P
(19) Flower arrangements : Formal, non-formal and social. 1 P
(20) Commercial products and their applications in biocontrol : Pyrethrin,
Azadiractin and Trichoderma 1 P
(21) Observation of plants used in phytoremediation :Echhornia, Azolla, Pistia,
Lemna, Algal blooms 1 P
(22) Study of plant resources and products : Yeast – Yeast tablets, Penicillium
– Penicillin, Spirulina – Spirulina tablets, Algal products – agar, liquid
biofertilizer, Bamboo – paper, Teak – timber, Acacia arabica - gum,
Asafoetida - resin, Acacia catechu – kath. 1 P
(23) Study of any two resources of fodder (Alfalfa, Sesbania), fibre (Cotton,
Coconut), medicinal (Amla, Aloe), biofertilizers (BGA, Azolla), honey, timber
(Teak, Sisso) and tannins (Acacia pod/bark, Tea). 1 P
8
(24) Observation of weeds with reference to Botanical Name, Family,
Morphological and Ecological peculiarities:
Native – Cynadon, Euphorbia, Amaranthus.
Exotic/Invasive – Parthenium, Xanthium, Alternanthera, Argemone 1 P
*Students of F. Y. B. Sc. must submit a visit report at the time of practical
examination with reference to Sacred Groves / National Park / Reserve Forest /
Botanical Garden and Nursery / Greenhouse.
* Study tour for observation of plant diversity in nature is compulsory. Report
on excursion is to be submitted at the time of examination. Submission of
herbarium is not expected but photographs may be submitted along with report.
