SEMESTER-I
PAPER –I: ZY-211
Course Title: General Zoology and Biological Techniques Part-I
Units No. of lectures
1) General Topics ------ 10
2) Developmental Biology ------ 12
3) Animal Type- Star fish ------ 08
4) Biological Techniques ------ 15
Total No. of Lectures ------- 45
Expanded syllabus based on the above topics.
Unit 1) General Topics:
1.1 Locomotion in Protista (Amoeboid, Ciliary and Flagellar). 2
1.2 Economic importance of Protista 1
1.3 Patterns of coelom and segmentation in animals:
a) Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate and coelomate animals. 3
b) Pseudosegmentation, Metamerism, Cephalothorax abdomen and
Cephalothorax specialization.
1.4 Diversity of mouth parts in Insects (Biting and chewing,piercing and sucking , siphoning ,
sponging , chewing and lapping types). 2
1.5 Shell and foot diversity in Mollusca: Representative examples from each class. 3
Unit 2) Developmental Biology:
2.1 Introduction and theories of Developmental Biology (Epigenesis, Pangenesis and
Germ plasm). 2
2.2 Gametogenesis in animals in brief and gross structure of gametes. 2
2.3 Types of eggs: on the basis of distribution of yolk . 1
2.4 Concept and significance of Fertilization : process and significance 2
2.5 Cleavage and blastulation : Definition, pattern, structure of blastula and its types 2
3
2.6 Gastrulation and Morphogenetic movements in early development (invagination, epiboly,
emboly, involution, ingression and delamination). 2
2.7 Test Tube Baby : Technique , Advantages and Disadvantages . 1
Unit3) Animal Type:
3.1 Starfish—External characters, Digestive system, food and feeding, Water vascular
system,Reproductive system and development. 8
Unit 4) Biological Techniques:
4.1 Concept of sterilization: Filteration, Dry heat sterilization, Wet sterilization, Radiation. 2
4.2 Separation of Biomolecules: a) Centrifugation (sedimentation, density gradient).
b) Chromatography: Principle and applications i) Thin layer ii) Gel filtration iii) Ion exchange,
c) Electrophoresis: Paper and gel (agarose) 3
4.3 Cell counting techniques: using haemocytometer (by using suitable stain) 1
4.4 Quantification techniques: a) Measuring of pH using paper strips , pH meter.
b) Principle of colorimeter and spectrophotometer.
c) Measurement of blood pressure. 3
4.5 Introduction to microtechnique: Fixation- fixatives, their types, merits and demerits
dehydration, clearing, cold and hot impregnation, block preparation, sectioning and staining for
tissue sections ( nuclear and cytoplasm) 4
4.6 Microscopic measurements: i) micrometry (using the occular and stage micrometer)
ii) using Camera Lucida: construction and working. 2
4
SEMESTER-I
PAPER- II: ZY-212
Course Title: Applied Zoology- Sec I
(Fisheries and Agricultural Pests and their control)
Units No. of Lectures
1) Fisheries ------ 23
2) Agricultural Pests and their
control -------- 22
Total No. of Lectures ------- 45
Expanded syllabus based on the above topics.
Unit 1) Fisheries:
1.1 Types of Fisheries (in brief): a) Inland (freshwater) fisheries b) Marine fisheries: Coastal,
Offshore and deep sea fisheries, c) Brackish water fisheries. 2
1.2 Habit, habitat and culture methods of following freshwater forms:
Rohu (Labeo rohita) b) Catla (Catla catla) c) Mrigal ( Cirrihinus mrigala)
d) Giant prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergi). 6
1.3 Harvesting methods of following marine forms: a) Harpadon b) Mackerel c) Lobsters
d) Pearl oysters. 4
1.4 Crafts and gears in Indian Fishery: a) Crafts—Catamaran, Machwa, Dinghy,
Dug out canoe, Built- up. b) Gears---- Gill net, Dol net, Purse, Rampani, Cast net. 5
1.5 Fishery byproducts: a) Fish meal b) Fish flour c) Liver Oil d) Ising glass e) Fish glue
f) Fish manure.g) Fish fin soup h) Ladies Purse 3
1.6 Fish preservation techniques: a) Chilling b) Freezing c) Salting d) Drying e) Canning. 3
Unit 2) Agricultural Pests and their control:
2.1 Introduction to Pests, Concept of Pest and Types of pests (agricultural, household,
stored grains, structural, veterinary, forestry and nursery). 2
2.2 Major insect pests of agricultural importance (Marks of identification, life cycle, nature
of damage and control measures).
5
a) Jowar stem borer b) Blister beetle c) Red cotton bug d) Castor Semilooper
e) Brinjal fruit borer f) Aphids g) Mango stem borer h) Lemon butterfly
i) Pulse beetle j) Rice weevil. 7
2.3 Non insect pests: Rats and Bandicoots, Crabs, Snails, Slugs, Birds and Squirrels. 2
2.4 Pest control practices: Cultural control, Physical control, Mechanical control, Chemical
2.5 control, Biological control, Herbal control, Pheromonal and autocidal control. and
concept of IPM. 8
2.6 Plant protection appliances:Rotary duster,knapsack sprayer and cynogas pump ,
hazards of pesticides and antidotes. 3
SEMESTER- II
PAPER-I: ZY-221
Course Title: General Zoology and Biological Techniques: Sec II
Units No. of Lectures
1) General Topics ------ 10
2) Animal Type- Scoliodon ------- 20
3) Biological Techniques ------- 15
Total No. of Lectures ------- 45
Expanded syllabus based on the above topics.
Unit 1) General Topics:
1.1 Types of scales and fins in fishes. 2
1.2 Parental care in Amphibia. 1
1.3 Aquatic and desert (Extreme hot and cold) adaptations in vertebrates. 2
1.4 Beak and feet modifications in Birds. 2
1.5 Migration in Birds. 1
1.6 Fossils, fossilization, types , Dating of fossils and examples of fossils. 2
6
Unit2) Animal Type:
2.1 Study of Scoliodon—External characters, Digestive system, Respiratory system,
Blood vascular system, Nervous system, sense organs , Male urinogenital and Female
reproductive system 20
Unit 3) Biological techniques:
3.1 a) Preparation of solutions: Molar, Normal, Percent solutions, PPM, PPB,
b) Dilutions—serial dilutions
c) Preparation of different stains: Methylene blue, Eosin, Haematoxylin,
Janus green- B ,Acetocarmine, Aceto-orcein
3.2 Principles of different types of microscopes: a) Simple b) Compound c) Phase contrast
d) Electron e) Fluorescence f) Confocal. 4
3.3 Haematology: Blood cell count, Hb %, Lipid (HDL and LDL), Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)
Thyroid hormones (T1, T2, T3, T4) and significance of each 5
3.4 Applications of computers for Zoological Sciences. 2
3.5 Maintenance of following laboratory equipments: compound/dissecting microscopes,
Refrigerator, oven, pH meter and centrifuge machine and safety measures in
laboratory. 2
SEMESTER-II
PAPER-II: ZY-222
Course Title: Applied Zoology Sec II
(Apiculture and Sericulture)
Units No. of Lectures
1) Apiculture ------ 23
2) Sericulture ------ 22
Total No. of Lectures ------ 45
7
Exapanded syllabus based on the above topics.
Unit 1) Apiculture:
1.1 Introduction to Apiculture and study of habit, habitat and nesting behaviour of
Apis dorsata, Apis indica, Apis floera, Apis mellifera. 3
1.2 Life cycle, Colony organization and division of labour. 3
1.3 Bee behaviour and communication. 3
1.4 Bee keeping equipments: a) Bee box ( Langstroth type)b) Honey extractor c) Smoker
d) Bee-veil e) Gloves f) Hive tool g) Brush h) queen excluder. 3
1.5 Bee keeping and seasonal management. 2
1.6 Bee products (collection methods, composition and uses): a) Honey b) Wax c) Venom
d) Propolis e) Royal jelly f) Pollen. 2
1.7 Diseases and enemies of Bees: a) Bee diseases- Protozoan, Bacterial,
viral, Fungal. 3
b) Bee pests- Wax moth (Greater and Lesser), wax beetle. 1
c) Bee predators- Bee eater, King crow, Wasp, Lizard, Bear, Man. 1
1.8 Bee pollination and management of bee colonies for pollination . 2
Unit 2) Sericulture:
2.1 Study of different types silk moths, their distribution and varieties of silk produced
by Mulberry, Tassar, Eri and Muga silk worms in India . 3
2.2 External morphology and life cycle of Bombyx mori. 2
2.3 Cultivation of mulberry: a) Varieties for cultivation b) Rainfed and irrigated
mulberry cultivation- Fertilize schedule, Prunning methods and leaf yield 3
2.4 Harvesting of mulberry: a) Leaf plucking b) Branch cutting c) Whole shoot cutting 1
2.5 Silk worm rearing: a) Varieties for rearing b) Rearing house c) Rearing techniques
d) Important diseases and pests 6
2.6 Preparation of cocoons for marketing. 1
2.7 Post harvest processing of cocoons: a) Stiffling, sorting, storage, deflossing
and riddling, b) cocoon cooking, reeling equipment and rereeling, washing
and polishing. 2
2.8 Sericulture as labour intensive Agro- industry.
8
PAPER III: ZY-223
Practical Course
Practical No.1:a) Study of permanent slides of mouth parts of the following Insects:
Mosquito, Plant bug/ Bed bug, Butterfly and House fly, cockroach (D)
b) Whole mount preparation of any suitable material (E)
Practical No. 2: Study of shell and foot of the following Molluscs:(any five)
Chiton, Patella, Solen, Dentalium, Sepia, Mytilus, Cypraea (Cowrie),
Aplysia, Nautilus. (D)
Practical No. 3: a) Study of external characters and digestive system of starfish. (E)
b) Temporary preparation of gonads from starfish. (E)
Practical No. 4: a)Study of water vascular system of starfish. (E)
b) T.S. of arm of starfish, Bipinnaria larva and types of pedicillariae
(Permanent slides) (D)
Practical No. 5: a) Study of permanent slides:Amphioxus , Insect ,Frog ,Hen Eggs (D)
b) Study of Blastulae and Gastrulae of amphioxus, Frog and chick. (D)
Practical No. 6: a) Preparation of standard acid (succinic acid) and alkali and their
standardization.
b) Preparation of various solutions (normal,molar,and percent) and ppm/ppb
by serial dilutions (E)
Practical No.7 a)Limits of cleanliness ( E)
b) Study of use of oven, autoclave and filter for sterilization of Glass ware,
Medium and Serum. (D)
Practical No. 8: a) Study of principles of Colorimetry and Electrophoresis. (D)
b) Study of principle and working of pH meter and Measurement of pH of
Milk, Pepsi, Lemon juice etc. using pH paper and pH meter. (E)
Practical No. 9 a) Study of principle of Chromatography and separation of amino acids mixture
by ascending Paper Chromatography.
b) Study of centrifugation technique (D)
Practical No.10: a) Measurement of blood pressure.and Estimation of haemoglobin percentage (E)
9
Practical No. 11: b) Differential count of W. B. Cs.
Practical No.12: Total count of R. B. Cs.
Practical No 13: Total count of W.B.C.
Practical No. 14: Identification, Classification and study of habit, habitat and economic
importance of the following: a) Rohu, Catla, Mrigal, Mackerel,
Bombay duck, Eel, Pomphret.
b) Prawn, Crab, Lobster, Oyster, Sepia. (D)
Practical No. 15: a) Study of maintenance of Aquarium.
b) Types of scales and tail fins in fishes.
c) Different types of crafts and gears in fishing (models/charts/
Photographs/line drawings etc). (D)
Practical No. 16: a) Study of any five insect pests and any five non-insect pests, corresponding
to theory course.
b) Study of any one plant protection appliance (sprayers / duster). (D)
Practical No. 17: Study of modifications of beaks and feet in birds. a) Beaks: water and mud
probing, tearing and piercing, fruit eating and mud straining. b) Feet: Perching,
Raptorial, Cursorial and Swimming (museum specimens/ photographs/ models/
line drawings). (D)
Practical No. 18: Study of fossils: Trilobite, Fossil snail, Fossil fish, Archaeopteryx, Stegosaurus
and Iguanodon (Museum specimens/ photographs/ models/ line drawings) (D)
Practical No. 19: a) Study of external characters,sexual dimorphism and digestive system of
Scoliodon. and mounting of placoid scales (E)
b) Study of Male and Female reproductive systems of Scoliodon. (D)
Practical No. 20: Study of heart and arterial system of Scoliodon. (E)
Practical No. 21: a) Study of brain of Scoliodon. (E)
b) Study of temporary preparations of ampullae of Lorenzini from Scoliodon. (E)
c) Study of cranial nerves, eye ball muscles and membranous
labyrinth of Scoliodon. (D)
Practical No. 22: a) External morphology and life-cycle of Bombyx mori.
b) Any five equipments in Sericulture. (D)
Practical No. 23: a) Study of life cycle of Honey Bee. b) Caste system in Honey Bee. (D)
10
c) Study of mouth parts, appendages, pollen basket and sting
apparatus of worker bee. (E)
Practical No. 24: Study of a) Bee keeping equipments b) Bee products c) Bee pests,
parasites and enemies. (D)
Practical No. 25: Compulsory study tour/Visit to following Institutes:
a) Fishery b) Sericulture c) Apiculture d) Agriculture University/
College/ any agricultural farm./sea shore.
Practical No. 26: Preparation of temporary and permanent whole mount of small
animals or their parts. and measurement under microscope. (E)
REFERENCES
ZY-211- General Zoology and Biological techniques- Part I
1. Text Book of Zoology. Vol.11, Invertebrates, 1982, A. J. Marshall And W. D. Williams, ELSB
And Macmillan, Hongkong.
2. Life of Invertebrates, 1980, S. n. Prasad, Vikas Publishing Co. Sahldabad.
3. The Invertebrates, Echinodermata Vol- IV 1992, L.H. Hyman, International books and
periodicals supply services Delhi.
4. Invertebrate Zoology, 1982, R. D. Barnes, Saunders College, Philadelphia.
5. Text Book of Zoology, Invertebrates Vol-II, 1992, T. J. Parker and W. A. Haswel, Edited by
Marshall and Williams, CBS publications and distribution, New Delhi.
6. Invertebrate Zoology, E. L. Jordon and P. S. Verma. S. Chand and Co. Ltd., New Delhi. 14th
fully Revised Edition-2007.
7. Invertebrate Zoology, 1991, Paul, A. Meglitch and Fedricks R. Schram, Oxford University
Press, New York.
8. IGCSE Biology, D. G. Mackean, Published by John Murray. London. UK, 2002.
9. Invertebrate Zoology. Edited by D. T. Anderson, Oxford University Press, N. Y. – Indian
Edition by- A. P. Offset, Delhi, 2006.
10. Diversity of Organisms. Edited by Caroline M., Pond Biology- Form and Function. Published
by Hodder and Stoughton, The Open University, London.
11
11. An Introduction to Mollusca. H. S. Bhamrah, Kavita Juneja. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi-110002 (India).
12. An Introduction to Echinodermata. H. S. Bhamrah, Kavita Juneja. Anmol Publications Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi-110002 (India).
13. Modern Text Book of Zoology. Invertebrates. 6th Edition, 1992, R. L. Kotpal, Rastogi
Publications, Merut.
14. Introduction to Embryology. Balinsky B. L. Saunders College Publication. Philadelphia.
15. Developmental Biology. Browder L. W., C. A. Erickson, R. J. Wiliams. Saunders College
Publication. London.
16. Embryology. M. P. Arora. Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay.
17. Developmental Biology. S. F. Gilbert. Sinawer Association. U. S. A.
18. Developmental Biology by WA Muller, Springer Verlag, 1977
19. Foundations of Embryology by BM Carlson, Tata McGraw Hill Pub Comp Ltd, New Delhi,
2007, 6th Edition
20. Molecular Developmental Biology by Subramoniam, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi,
2008
21. Analysis of Biological Development. Klaus Kalthoff. The University of Texas at Austin. Mc
GRAW-HiLL, INC.
22. Patterns of Embryology. Bradley M. Patterson, Bruce M. Carlson. 3rd edn.
23. Biological Instrumentation and Methodology. P. K. Bajpai, S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi,
Second Revised Edition-2008.
24. Experimental Biotechnology. P. M. Philopose. Dominant Publishers and Distributors. New
Delhi-11002.
25. Principles and Practice of Animal Tissue Culture. Sudha Gangal. Universities Press (India)
Private Limited, 2007.
26. Biotechnology. U. Satyanarayana. Books and Allied (P) Ltd. Kolkata (India). 2007.
27. Biotechnology. B. D. Singh. Kalyani Publishers. Third Edition-2007.
28. Hand Book of Basic Microtechnique, 1964, 3rd edn. Peter Gray McGraw Hill Book Co. New
York.
29. Hand Book of Histological and Histochemistry Technique, 1991. 1st edn. S. K. David, CBS
Publisher and Distributors, Delhi.
12
30. An Introduction to Biostatistics. A Manual For Students in Health Sciences. Fourth Edition. P.
S. S. Sundar Rao and J. Richard. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited. New Delhi-110001.
31. Basic Statistics (Third Edition). B. L. Agarwal. New Age International Publishers.
32. Biostatistics. Dr. P. N. Arora, Dr. P. K. Malhan. Himalaya Publishing House. Revised Edition-
August 2006.
33. Basic Biostatistics and its Application. Animesh K. Datta. New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd.
Kolkata- India.
34. Economic Zoology, P.D.Shrivastav, Commercial Publications, Bureau, New Delhi.
35. Developmental Biology, J.W.Brookbank, Harpar & Raw Publishers, New York.
36. Handbook of Basic Microtechniques, Peter Gray, 1964, 3rd edition, MGrohill Publications.
37. Tools and Techniques in Microbiology, Nath & Upadhyay.
38. Practical Pharmacognosy, Khandelwal K.R., Nirali Prakashan.
ZY-212- Applied Zoology- Part-I
(Fisheries & Agricultural Pests and their Control)
1. Fishes. Mary Chandy. N. B. T. India, 2005.
2. Economic Zoology. Shukla Upadhyay, Rastogi Publication, Meerut, India, 1998.
3. Hand Book of the Fresh Water fishes of India, 1990, R. Beaven, Low Price Publication, New
Delhi.
4. Fisheries Developments, K. K. Trivedi, Oxford and IBH Pub. Co.
5. Marine Fishes in India, 1990, D. V. Bal & K, Virabhadra, tata McGraw Hill Publication.
6. Fishery Management, 1990, S. C. Agarwal, Avinash Publication House, New Delhi.
7. Entomology and Pest Management. Pedigo L. P. Prentice Hall, India, 1996.
8. General and Applied Entomology. Nayar K. K. and T. N. Ananthkrishnan and B. V. Davis,
Tata McGrew Hill Publications. New Delhi.
9. Insects. M. S. Mani, NBT, India, 2006.
10. Agricultural Pests: Biology and Control Measures. B. M. Deoray and T. B. Nikam, Nirali
Publication, Pune, 1990.
11. Insects and Mites of Crops in India. M. R. G. K. Nair—by ICAR, New Delhi.
12. The Science of Entomology. W. S. Romosor and J. G. Stoffolano, McGraw Hill Publication,
1988.
13. Agricultural Insect Pests of India and their Control. Dennis S. Hill, Cambridge university Press.
13
14. Applied Entomology. Vol I and II. K. P. Srivastava. Kalyani Publications, Ludhiyana, New
Delhi.
15. Principles of Insect Pest Management. G. S. Dhaliwal and Ramesh Arora. Kalyani
Publications, Ludhiyana.
16. Pest Management and Pesticides: Indian Scenario. Editor- B. Vasantaraj David, Namrutha
Publications. Madras (Chennai).
17. Concepts of Insect Control. Ghosh M. R. Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.
ZY-221- General Zoology and Biological Techniques-Part II
1. A Text Book of Zoology, Vertebrates, Vol- II, 1992. T. Jeffery Parker and W. A. Haswel,
Edited by Marshall and Williams, CBS Publications and Distribution, New Delhi.
2. Chordate Zoology, 1982, P. S. Dhami and J. K. Dhami, R. Chand and Co., New Delhi.
3. A Text Book of Zoology, 1984, R. D. Vidyarthi, R. Chand and Co., Delhi.
4. Modern Text Book of Zoology, Vertebrates. R. L. Kotpal, 3rd edn. Rastogi Publications,
Meerut.
5. Chordate Zoology. E. L. Jordon. S. Chand and Co., New Delhi.
6. Scoliodon, 1972. E. M. Thillyamapalam, Lucknow publishing House, Lucknow.
7. Organic Evolution. R. S. Lull. Light and Life Publishers.
8. Organic Evolution, 1991, T. S. Gopikrishnan. Itta Sambashivarab Publ. House, Delhi.
9. Microscopy, V.S.Sharma.
10. Human Physiology, Vol. I and II, 1980, 12th Edn. Dr. C. C. Chatterjee, Medical applied
agency, Calcutta.
11. Biology. Campbell and Reece. 7th Edn. Pearson Education in South Asia. Delhi.
ZY-222- Applied Zoology- Part- II
(Apiculture and Sericulture)
1. Destructive and useful Insects, their habit and Control, 1973. C. L. Metcalf and W. p. flint, Tata
McGraw Hill Publications, New Delhi.
2. A Text Book of Entomology, 1974. V. K. Mathur and K. d. Upadhayay. Goel Printing press,
Barani.
3. Imm’s Text Book of Entomology, Vol I and II, Richard and Owen.
14
4. Biology of Insects, 1992. S. C. Saxena. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi. Bombay.
Calcutta.
5. Bee and Bee Keeping, 1978, Roger A. Morse, Conell University Press, London.
6. The Behaviour and social Life of Honey Bees, C. R. Ribbandas. Dover Publication inc. New
York.
7. Principle of Sericulture, 1994. Hisao Arguo, Oxford and Co.
8. An Introduction to Sericulture, 1995. G. Ganga, J. Sulochara, Oxford and IBH Publication Co.
Bombay.
9. FAQ Manual of Sericulture. Vol-I Mulberry Cultivation, Vol- II Silkworm Rearing. Central
Silk Board, Bangalore.
ZY 223-Practicals based on corresponding theory courses
1. Invertebrate Practical Zoology. V. Banerjee. Bharati Bhavan, Patna, 1997.
2. Practical Zoology. Invertebrate/Vertebrate. S. S. Lal, Rastogi Publications. Meerut, India, 1998.
3. Experimental Physiology. V. V. Kulshrestha. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Practical Course in Biological Chemistry. Bhide, Diwan and Athavale, Narendra Prakashan.
5. A Manual of Practical Zoology, Vol. I, Nonchordata, 1994. P. K. G. Nair and K. P. Aehar.
Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay, Delhi, Nagpur.
6. A Manual of Practical Zoology, Vol. II, Chordata, 1994. P. K. G. Nair and K. P. Aehar.
Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay, Delhi, Nagpur.
7. A Manual of Practical Zoology, Invertebrate, 1975. P. Verma. S. Chand and Co. New Delhi.
8. Practical Invertebrate Zoology, 1972. V. S. Srivastav. Central Book Depot. Allahabad.
9. A Manual of Practical Vertebrate Zoology and Physiology, 1990. V. B. rastogi, Kedarnath,
Ramnath, Meerut, Delhi.
10. Practical bee keeping, Herbert Mace. Ward Lock Limited, London.
11. Hand Book of Practical Sericulture, 1987. S. R. Uttal and M. N. Narasimhana, Central Silk
Board, Banglore.
Practical Skeleton Paper
Time: 11 a.m. onwards. Max. Marks: 80
15
Q.1.Dissect the starfish/ Scoliodon so as to expose ............................system. (15)
Q.2. Make a temporary preparation of ----------------from starfish / Scoliodon. (05)
Q.3. a)Write the principles of any two of the following: (10)
i) Colorimeter
ii) Electrophoresis
iii) Spectrophotometer
iv) Chromatography
V) pH meter
vi) Centrifugation
b) Prepare------------Normal solution of acid /alkali & standardize it. (10)
Q.4.Perform any one of the following experiment. (15)
i) Differential count of W.B.Cs.
ii) Total count of W.B.Cs.
iii) Total count of R.B.Cs.
iv) Amino acid separation by paper chromatography.
Q.5. Identification (15)
i) Identify & describe
ii) Identify & give its functions
iii) Identify, sketch & label
iv) Identify & describe
v) Identify & comment on type of tail /scale
Q.6. a)Viva-voce (05)
b) Tour report & certified journal (05)
PAPER –I: ZY-211
Course Title: General Zoology and Biological Techniques Part-I
Units No. of lectures
1) General Topics ------ 10
2) Developmental Biology ------ 12
3) Animal Type- Star fish ------ 08
4) Biological Techniques ------ 15
Total No. of Lectures ------- 45
Expanded syllabus based on the above topics.
Unit 1) General Topics:
1.1 Locomotion in Protista (Amoeboid, Ciliary and Flagellar). 2
1.2 Economic importance of Protista 1
1.3 Patterns of coelom and segmentation in animals:
a) Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate and coelomate animals. 3
b) Pseudosegmentation, Metamerism, Cephalothorax abdomen and
Cephalothorax specialization.
1.4 Diversity of mouth parts in Insects (Biting and chewing,piercing and sucking , siphoning ,
sponging , chewing and lapping types). 2
1.5 Shell and foot diversity in Mollusca: Representative examples from each class. 3
Unit 2) Developmental Biology:
2.1 Introduction and theories of Developmental Biology (Epigenesis, Pangenesis and
Germ plasm). 2
2.2 Gametogenesis in animals in brief and gross structure of gametes. 2
2.3 Types of eggs: on the basis of distribution of yolk . 1
2.4 Concept and significance of Fertilization : process and significance 2
2.5 Cleavage and blastulation : Definition, pattern, structure of blastula and its types 2
3
2.6 Gastrulation and Morphogenetic movements in early development (invagination, epiboly,
emboly, involution, ingression and delamination). 2
2.7 Test Tube Baby : Technique , Advantages and Disadvantages . 1
Unit3) Animal Type:
3.1 Starfish—External characters, Digestive system, food and feeding, Water vascular
system,Reproductive system and development. 8
Unit 4) Biological Techniques:
4.1 Concept of sterilization: Filteration, Dry heat sterilization, Wet sterilization, Radiation. 2
4.2 Separation of Biomolecules: a) Centrifugation (sedimentation, density gradient).
b) Chromatography: Principle and applications i) Thin layer ii) Gel filtration iii) Ion exchange,
c) Electrophoresis: Paper and gel (agarose) 3
4.3 Cell counting techniques: using haemocytometer (by using suitable stain) 1
4.4 Quantification techniques: a) Measuring of pH using paper strips , pH meter.
b) Principle of colorimeter and spectrophotometer.
c) Measurement of blood pressure. 3
4.5 Introduction to microtechnique: Fixation- fixatives, their types, merits and demerits
dehydration, clearing, cold and hot impregnation, block preparation, sectioning and staining for
tissue sections ( nuclear and cytoplasm) 4
4.6 Microscopic measurements: i) micrometry (using the occular and stage micrometer)
ii) using Camera Lucida: construction and working. 2
4
SEMESTER-I
PAPER- II: ZY-212
Course Title: Applied Zoology- Sec I
(Fisheries and Agricultural Pests and their control)
Units No. of Lectures
1) Fisheries ------ 23
2) Agricultural Pests and their
control -------- 22
Total No. of Lectures ------- 45
Expanded syllabus based on the above topics.
Unit 1) Fisheries:
1.1 Types of Fisheries (in brief): a) Inland (freshwater) fisheries b) Marine fisheries: Coastal,
Offshore and deep sea fisheries, c) Brackish water fisheries. 2
1.2 Habit, habitat and culture methods of following freshwater forms:
Rohu (Labeo rohita) b) Catla (Catla catla) c) Mrigal ( Cirrihinus mrigala)
d) Giant prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergi). 6
1.3 Harvesting methods of following marine forms: a) Harpadon b) Mackerel c) Lobsters
d) Pearl oysters. 4
1.4 Crafts and gears in Indian Fishery: a) Crafts—Catamaran, Machwa, Dinghy,
Dug out canoe, Built- up. b) Gears---- Gill net, Dol net, Purse, Rampani, Cast net. 5
1.5 Fishery byproducts: a) Fish meal b) Fish flour c) Liver Oil d) Ising glass e) Fish glue
f) Fish manure.g) Fish fin soup h) Ladies Purse 3
1.6 Fish preservation techniques: a) Chilling b) Freezing c) Salting d) Drying e) Canning. 3
Unit 2) Agricultural Pests and their control:
2.1 Introduction to Pests, Concept of Pest and Types of pests (agricultural, household,
stored grains, structural, veterinary, forestry and nursery). 2
2.2 Major insect pests of agricultural importance (Marks of identification, life cycle, nature
of damage and control measures).
5
a) Jowar stem borer b) Blister beetle c) Red cotton bug d) Castor Semilooper
e) Brinjal fruit borer f) Aphids g) Mango stem borer h) Lemon butterfly
i) Pulse beetle j) Rice weevil. 7
2.3 Non insect pests: Rats and Bandicoots, Crabs, Snails, Slugs, Birds and Squirrels. 2
2.4 Pest control practices: Cultural control, Physical control, Mechanical control, Chemical
2.5 control, Biological control, Herbal control, Pheromonal and autocidal control. and
concept of IPM. 8
2.6 Plant protection appliances:Rotary duster,knapsack sprayer and cynogas pump ,
hazards of pesticides and antidotes. 3
SEMESTER- II
PAPER-I: ZY-221
Course Title: General Zoology and Biological Techniques: Sec II
Units No. of Lectures
1) General Topics ------ 10
2) Animal Type- Scoliodon ------- 20
3) Biological Techniques ------- 15
Total No. of Lectures ------- 45
Expanded syllabus based on the above topics.
Unit 1) General Topics:
1.1 Types of scales and fins in fishes. 2
1.2 Parental care in Amphibia. 1
1.3 Aquatic and desert (Extreme hot and cold) adaptations in vertebrates. 2
1.4 Beak and feet modifications in Birds. 2
1.5 Migration in Birds. 1
1.6 Fossils, fossilization, types , Dating of fossils and examples of fossils. 2
6
Unit2) Animal Type:
2.1 Study of Scoliodon—External characters, Digestive system, Respiratory system,
Blood vascular system, Nervous system, sense organs , Male urinogenital and Female
reproductive system 20
Unit 3) Biological techniques:
3.1 a) Preparation of solutions: Molar, Normal, Percent solutions, PPM, PPB,
b) Dilutions—serial dilutions
c) Preparation of different stains: Methylene blue, Eosin, Haematoxylin,
Janus green- B ,Acetocarmine, Aceto-orcein
3.2 Principles of different types of microscopes: a) Simple b) Compound c) Phase contrast
d) Electron e) Fluorescence f) Confocal. 4
3.3 Haematology: Blood cell count, Hb %, Lipid (HDL and LDL), Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)
Thyroid hormones (T1, T2, T3, T4) and significance of each 5
3.4 Applications of computers for Zoological Sciences. 2
3.5 Maintenance of following laboratory equipments: compound/dissecting microscopes,
Refrigerator, oven, pH meter and centrifuge machine and safety measures in
laboratory. 2
SEMESTER-II
PAPER-II: ZY-222
Course Title: Applied Zoology Sec II
(Apiculture and Sericulture)
Units No. of Lectures
1) Apiculture ------ 23
2) Sericulture ------ 22
Total No. of Lectures ------ 45
7
Exapanded syllabus based on the above topics.
Unit 1) Apiculture:
1.1 Introduction to Apiculture and study of habit, habitat and nesting behaviour of
Apis dorsata, Apis indica, Apis floera, Apis mellifera. 3
1.2 Life cycle, Colony organization and division of labour. 3
1.3 Bee behaviour and communication. 3
1.4 Bee keeping equipments: a) Bee box ( Langstroth type)b) Honey extractor c) Smoker
d) Bee-veil e) Gloves f) Hive tool g) Brush h) queen excluder. 3
1.5 Bee keeping and seasonal management. 2
1.6 Bee products (collection methods, composition and uses): a) Honey b) Wax c) Venom
d) Propolis e) Royal jelly f) Pollen. 2
1.7 Diseases and enemies of Bees: a) Bee diseases- Protozoan, Bacterial,
viral, Fungal. 3
b) Bee pests- Wax moth (Greater and Lesser), wax beetle. 1
c) Bee predators- Bee eater, King crow, Wasp, Lizard, Bear, Man. 1
1.8 Bee pollination and management of bee colonies for pollination . 2
Unit 2) Sericulture:
2.1 Study of different types silk moths, their distribution and varieties of silk produced
by Mulberry, Tassar, Eri and Muga silk worms in India . 3
2.2 External morphology and life cycle of Bombyx mori. 2
2.3 Cultivation of mulberry: a) Varieties for cultivation b) Rainfed and irrigated
mulberry cultivation- Fertilize schedule, Prunning methods and leaf yield 3
2.4 Harvesting of mulberry: a) Leaf plucking b) Branch cutting c) Whole shoot cutting 1
2.5 Silk worm rearing: a) Varieties for rearing b) Rearing house c) Rearing techniques
d) Important diseases and pests 6
2.6 Preparation of cocoons for marketing. 1
2.7 Post harvest processing of cocoons: a) Stiffling, sorting, storage, deflossing
and riddling, b) cocoon cooking, reeling equipment and rereeling, washing
and polishing. 2
2.8 Sericulture as labour intensive Agro- industry.
8
PAPER III: ZY-223
Practical Course
Practical No.1:a) Study of permanent slides of mouth parts of the following Insects:
Mosquito, Plant bug/ Bed bug, Butterfly and House fly, cockroach (D)
b) Whole mount preparation of any suitable material (E)
Practical No. 2: Study of shell and foot of the following Molluscs:(any five)
Chiton, Patella, Solen, Dentalium, Sepia, Mytilus, Cypraea (Cowrie),
Aplysia, Nautilus. (D)
Practical No. 3: a) Study of external characters and digestive system of starfish. (E)
b) Temporary preparation of gonads from starfish. (E)
Practical No. 4: a)Study of water vascular system of starfish. (E)
b) T.S. of arm of starfish, Bipinnaria larva and types of pedicillariae
(Permanent slides) (D)
Practical No. 5: a) Study of permanent slides:Amphioxus , Insect ,Frog ,Hen Eggs (D)
b) Study of Blastulae and Gastrulae of amphioxus, Frog and chick. (D)
Practical No. 6: a) Preparation of standard acid (succinic acid) and alkali and their
standardization.
b) Preparation of various solutions (normal,molar,and percent) and ppm/ppb
by serial dilutions (E)
Practical No.7 a)Limits of cleanliness ( E)
b) Study of use of oven, autoclave and filter for sterilization of Glass ware,
Medium and Serum. (D)
Practical No. 8: a) Study of principles of Colorimetry and Electrophoresis. (D)
b) Study of principle and working of pH meter and Measurement of pH of
Milk, Pepsi, Lemon juice etc. using pH paper and pH meter. (E)
Practical No. 9 a) Study of principle of Chromatography and separation of amino acids mixture
by ascending Paper Chromatography.
b) Study of centrifugation technique (D)
Practical No.10: a) Measurement of blood pressure.and Estimation of haemoglobin percentage (E)
9
Practical No. 11: b) Differential count of W. B. Cs.
Practical No.12: Total count of R. B. Cs.
Practical No 13: Total count of W.B.C.
Practical No. 14: Identification, Classification and study of habit, habitat and economic
importance of the following: a) Rohu, Catla, Mrigal, Mackerel,
Bombay duck, Eel, Pomphret.
b) Prawn, Crab, Lobster, Oyster, Sepia. (D)
Practical No. 15: a) Study of maintenance of Aquarium.
b) Types of scales and tail fins in fishes.
c) Different types of crafts and gears in fishing (models/charts/
Photographs/line drawings etc). (D)
Practical No. 16: a) Study of any five insect pests and any five non-insect pests, corresponding
to theory course.
b) Study of any one plant protection appliance (sprayers / duster). (D)
Practical No. 17: Study of modifications of beaks and feet in birds. a) Beaks: water and mud
probing, tearing and piercing, fruit eating and mud straining. b) Feet: Perching,
Raptorial, Cursorial and Swimming (museum specimens/ photographs/ models/
line drawings). (D)
Practical No. 18: Study of fossils: Trilobite, Fossil snail, Fossil fish, Archaeopteryx, Stegosaurus
and Iguanodon (Museum specimens/ photographs/ models/ line drawings) (D)
Practical No. 19: a) Study of external characters,sexual dimorphism and digestive system of
Scoliodon. and mounting of placoid scales (E)
b) Study of Male and Female reproductive systems of Scoliodon. (D)
Practical No. 20: Study of heart and arterial system of Scoliodon. (E)
Practical No. 21: a) Study of brain of Scoliodon. (E)
b) Study of temporary preparations of ampullae of Lorenzini from Scoliodon. (E)
c) Study of cranial nerves, eye ball muscles and membranous
labyrinth of Scoliodon. (D)
Practical No. 22: a) External morphology and life-cycle of Bombyx mori.
b) Any five equipments in Sericulture. (D)
Practical No. 23: a) Study of life cycle of Honey Bee. b) Caste system in Honey Bee. (D)
10
c) Study of mouth parts, appendages, pollen basket and sting
apparatus of worker bee. (E)
Practical No. 24: Study of a) Bee keeping equipments b) Bee products c) Bee pests,
parasites and enemies. (D)
Practical No. 25: Compulsory study tour/Visit to following Institutes:
a) Fishery b) Sericulture c) Apiculture d) Agriculture University/
College/ any agricultural farm./sea shore.
Practical No. 26: Preparation of temporary and permanent whole mount of small
animals or their parts. and measurement under microscope. (E)
REFERENCES
ZY-211- General Zoology and Biological techniques- Part I
1. Text Book of Zoology. Vol.11, Invertebrates, 1982, A. J. Marshall And W. D. Williams, ELSB
And Macmillan, Hongkong.
2. Life of Invertebrates, 1980, S. n. Prasad, Vikas Publishing Co. Sahldabad.
3. The Invertebrates, Echinodermata Vol- IV 1992, L.H. Hyman, International books and
periodicals supply services Delhi.
4. Invertebrate Zoology, 1982, R. D. Barnes, Saunders College, Philadelphia.
5. Text Book of Zoology, Invertebrates Vol-II, 1992, T. J. Parker and W. A. Haswel, Edited by
Marshall and Williams, CBS publications and distribution, New Delhi.
6. Invertebrate Zoology, E. L. Jordon and P. S. Verma. S. Chand and Co. Ltd., New Delhi. 14th
fully Revised Edition-2007.
7. Invertebrate Zoology, 1991, Paul, A. Meglitch and Fedricks R. Schram, Oxford University
Press, New York.
8. IGCSE Biology, D. G. Mackean, Published by John Murray. London. UK, 2002.
9. Invertebrate Zoology. Edited by D. T. Anderson, Oxford University Press, N. Y. – Indian
Edition by- A. P. Offset, Delhi, 2006.
10. Diversity of Organisms. Edited by Caroline M., Pond Biology- Form and Function. Published
by Hodder and Stoughton, The Open University, London.
11
11. An Introduction to Mollusca. H. S. Bhamrah, Kavita Juneja. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi-110002 (India).
12. An Introduction to Echinodermata. H. S. Bhamrah, Kavita Juneja. Anmol Publications Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi-110002 (India).
13. Modern Text Book of Zoology. Invertebrates. 6th Edition, 1992, R. L. Kotpal, Rastogi
Publications, Merut.
14. Introduction to Embryology. Balinsky B. L. Saunders College Publication. Philadelphia.
15. Developmental Biology. Browder L. W., C. A. Erickson, R. J. Wiliams. Saunders College
Publication. London.
16. Embryology. M. P. Arora. Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay.
17. Developmental Biology. S. F. Gilbert. Sinawer Association. U. S. A.
18. Developmental Biology by WA Muller, Springer Verlag, 1977
19. Foundations of Embryology by BM Carlson, Tata McGraw Hill Pub Comp Ltd, New Delhi,
2007, 6th Edition
20. Molecular Developmental Biology by Subramoniam, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi,
2008
21. Analysis of Biological Development. Klaus Kalthoff. The University of Texas at Austin. Mc
GRAW-HiLL, INC.
22. Patterns of Embryology. Bradley M. Patterson, Bruce M. Carlson. 3rd edn.
23. Biological Instrumentation and Methodology. P. K. Bajpai, S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi,
Second Revised Edition-2008.
24. Experimental Biotechnology. P. M. Philopose. Dominant Publishers and Distributors. New
Delhi-11002.
25. Principles and Practice of Animal Tissue Culture. Sudha Gangal. Universities Press (India)
Private Limited, 2007.
26. Biotechnology. U. Satyanarayana. Books and Allied (P) Ltd. Kolkata (India). 2007.
27. Biotechnology. B. D. Singh. Kalyani Publishers. Third Edition-2007.
28. Hand Book of Basic Microtechnique, 1964, 3rd edn. Peter Gray McGraw Hill Book Co. New
York.
29. Hand Book of Histological and Histochemistry Technique, 1991. 1st edn. S. K. David, CBS
Publisher and Distributors, Delhi.
12
30. An Introduction to Biostatistics. A Manual For Students in Health Sciences. Fourth Edition. P.
S. S. Sundar Rao and J. Richard. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited. New Delhi-110001.
31. Basic Statistics (Third Edition). B. L. Agarwal. New Age International Publishers.
32. Biostatistics. Dr. P. N. Arora, Dr. P. K. Malhan. Himalaya Publishing House. Revised Edition-
August 2006.
33. Basic Biostatistics and its Application. Animesh K. Datta. New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd.
Kolkata- India.
34. Economic Zoology, P.D.Shrivastav, Commercial Publications, Bureau, New Delhi.
35. Developmental Biology, J.W.Brookbank, Harpar & Raw Publishers, New York.
36. Handbook of Basic Microtechniques, Peter Gray, 1964, 3rd edition, MGrohill Publications.
37. Tools and Techniques in Microbiology, Nath & Upadhyay.
38. Practical Pharmacognosy, Khandelwal K.R., Nirali Prakashan.
ZY-212- Applied Zoology- Part-I
(Fisheries & Agricultural Pests and their Control)
1. Fishes. Mary Chandy. N. B. T. India, 2005.
2. Economic Zoology. Shukla Upadhyay, Rastogi Publication, Meerut, India, 1998.
3. Hand Book of the Fresh Water fishes of India, 1990, R. Beaven, Low Price Publication, New
Delhi.
4. Fisheries Developments, K. K. Trivedi, Oxford and IBH Pub. Co.
5. Marine Fishes in India, 1990, D. V. Bal & K, Virabhadra, tata McGraw Hill Publication.
6. Fishery Management, 1990, S. C. Agarwal, Avinash Publication House, New Delhi.
7. Entomology and Pest Management. Pedigo L. P. Prentice Hall, India, 1996.
8. General and Applied Entomology. Nayar K. K. and T. N. Ananthkrishnan and B. V. Davis,
Tata McGrew Hill Publications. New Delhi.
9. Insects. M. S. Mani, NBT, India, 2006.
10. Agricultural Pests: Biology and Control Measures. B. M. Deoray and T. B. Nikam, Nirali
Publication, Pune, 1990.
11. Insects and Mites of Crops in India. M. R. G. K. Nair—by ICAR, New Delhi.
12. The Science of Entomology. W. S. Romosor and J. G. Stoffolano, McGraw Hill Publication,
1988.
13. Agricultural Insect Pests of India and their Control. Dennis S. Hill, Cambridge university Press.
13
14. Applied Entomology. Vol I and II. K. P. Srivastava. Kalyani Publications, Ludhiyana, New
Delhi.
15. Principles of Insect Pest Management. G. S. Dhaliwal and Ramesh Arora. Kalyani
Publications, Ludhiyana.
16. Pest Management and Pesticides: Indian Scenario. Editor- B. Vasantaraj David, Namrutha
Publications. Madras (Chennai).
17. Concepts of Insect Control. Ghosh M. R. Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.
ZY-221- General Zoology and Biological Techniques-Part II
1. A Text Book of Zoology, Vertebrates, Vol- II, 1992. T. Jeffery Parker and W. A. Haswel,
Edited by Marshall and Williams, CBS Publications and Distribution, New Delhi.
2. Chordate Zoology, 1982, P. S. Dhami and J. K. Dhami, R. Chand and Co., New Delhi.
3. A Text Book of Zoology, 1984, R. D. Vidyarthi, R. Chand and Co., Delhi.
4. Modern Text Book of Zoology, Vertebrates. R. L. Kotpal, 3rd edn. Rastogi Publications,
Meerut.
5. Chordate Zoology. E. L. Jordon. S. Chand and Co., New Delhi.
6. Scoliodon, 1972. E. M. Thillyamapalam, Lucknow publishing House, Lucknow.
7. Organic Evolution. R. S. Lull. Light and Life Publishers.
8. Organic Evolution, 1991, T. S. Gopikrishnan. Itta Sambashivarab Publ. House, Delhi.
9. Microscopy, V.S.Sharma.
10. Human Physiology, Vol. I and II, 1980, 12th Edn. Dr. C. C. Chatterjee, Medical applied
agency, Calcutta.
11. Biology. Campbell and Reece. 7th Edn. Pearson Education in South Asia. Delhi.
ZY-222- Applied Zoology- Part- II
(Apiculture and Sericulture)
1. Destructive and useful Insects, their habit and Control, 1973. C. L. Metcalf and W. p. flint, Tata
McGraw Hill Publications, New Delhi.
2. A Text Book of Entomology, 1974. V. K. Mathur and K. d. Upadhayay. Goel Printing press,
Barani.
3. Imm’s Text Book of Entomology, Vol I and II, Richard and Owen.
14
4. Biology of Insects, 1992. S. C. Saxena. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi. Bombay.
Calcutta.
5. Bee and Bee Keeping, 1978, Roger A. Morse, Conell University Press, London.
6. The Behaviour and social Life of Honey Bees, C. R. Ribbandas. Dover Publication inc. New
York.
7. Principle of Sericulture, 1994. Hisao Arguo, Oxford and Co.
8. An Introduction to Sericulture, 1995. G. Ganga, J. Sulochara, Oxford and IBH Publication Co.
Bombay.
9. FAQ Manual of Sericulture. Vol-I Mulberry Cultivation, Vol- II Silkworm Rearing. Central
Silk Board, Bangalore.
ZY 223-Practicals based on corresponding theory courses
1. Invertebrate Practical Zoology. V. Banerjee. Bharati Bhavan, Patna, 1997.
2. Practical Zoology. Invertebrate/Vertebrate. S. S. Lal, Rastogi Publications. Meerut, India, 1998.
3. Experimental Physiology. V. V. Kulshrestha. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Practical Course in Biological Chemistry. Bhide, Diwan and Athavale, Narendra Prakashan.
5. A Manual of Practical Zoology, Vol. I, Nonchordata, 1994. P. K. G. Nair and K. P. Aehar.
Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay, Delhi, Nagpur.
6. A Manual of Practical Zoology, Vol. II, Chordata, 1994. P. K. G. Nair and K. P. Aehar.
Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay, Delhi, Nagpur.
7. A Manual of Practical Zoology, Invertebrate, 1975. P. Verma. S. Chand and Co. New Delhi.
8. Practical Invertebrate Zoology, 1972. V. S. Srivastav. Central Book Depot. Allahabad.
9. A Manual of Practical Vertebrate Zoology and Physiology, 1990. V. B. rastogi, Kedarnath,
Ramnath, Meerut, Delhi.
10. Practical bee keeping, Herbert Mace. Ward Lock Limited, London.
11. Hand Book of Practical Sericulture, 1987. S. R. Uttal and M. N. Narasimhana, Central Silk
Board, Banglore.
Practical Skeleton Paper
Time: 11 a.m. onwards. Max. Marks: 80
15
Q.1.Dissect the starfish/ Scoliodon so as to expose ............................system. (15)
Q.2. Make a temporary preparation of ----------------from starfish / Scoliodon. (05)
Q.3. a)Write the principles of any two of the following: (10)
i) Colorimeter
ii) Electrophoresis
iii) Spectrophotometer
iv) Chromatography
V) pH meter
vi) Centrifugation
b) Prepare------------Normal solution of acid /alkali & standardize it. (10)
Q.4.Perform any one of the following experiment. (15)
i) Differential count of W.B.Cs.
ii) Total count of W.B.Cs.
iii) Total count of R.B.Cs.
iv) Amino acid separation by paper chromatography.
Q.5. Identification (15)
i) Identify & describe
ii) Identify & give its functions
iii) Identify, sketch & label
iv) Identify & describe
v) Identify & comment on type of tail /scale
Q.6. a)Viva-voce (05)
b) Tour report & certified journal (05)
