UNIVERSITY OF DELHI, LL.B. II Term Paper – LB - 202 : Family Law – II

(Hindu Law of Joint Family, Partition and Debts, Gifts and Wills, Muslim Law
of Gifts & Wills, Hindu Succession Act and Muslim General
Principles of Inheritance)

Hindu law has the most ancient pedigree of any known legal system. Where, not modified
or abrogated by legislation, Hindu law may be described to be the ancient law of the Hindus
rooted in the Vedas and enounced in the Smritis as explained and enlarged in recognised
commentaries and digests and as supplemented and varied by approved usages. The concept
of Hindu law is deeply rooted in Hindu philosophy and Hindu religion. Till this day, no
precise definition of the word ‘Hindu’ is available in any statute or judicial pronouncement; it
has defied all efforts at definition. There are two main schools of Hindu law; viz. the
Mitakshara school and the Dayabhaga school or Bengal school. They have emerged in the era
of Digests and Commentaries. The codified Hindu law lays down uniform law for all Hindus.
In the codified areas of Hindu law, there is no scope for existence of schools. The schools of
Hindu law have relevance only in respect of the un-codified areas of Hindu law.
Prescribed Legislation:
The Hindu Succession Act, 1956

Prescribed Books:

1. Ranganath Misra, Mayne’s Treatise on Hindu Law & Usage (15th ed., 2006)
2. Satyajeet A. Desai, Mulla Principles of Hindu Law, Vol. I & II (20th ed., 2007)
3. Poonam Pradhan Saxena, Family Law Lectures, Family Law– II, (2nd ed., 2007)
4. Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan, Modern Hindu Law (18th ed., 2008)
5. Duncan M. Derrett, A Critique of Modern Hindu Law (1970)
6. M. Hidayatullah and Arshad Hidayatullah, Mulla, Principles of Mahomedan Law
(19th ed., 2008)
7. Asaf A.A. Fyzee, Outlines of Muhammadan Law (2008)

PART - A : HINDU LAW OF JOINT FAMILY

Topic 1 : Joint Hindu Family and Hindu Coparcenary

The Mitakshara joint family is a unique contribution of Hindu law which has no parallel
in any ancient or modern system of law. Whatever the sceptic may say about the future of the Hindu joint family, it has been, and still continues to be, the fundamental aspect of life of
Hindus. In Hindu law, there is a presumption that every family is a joint Hindu family.
The males in a joint Hindu family upto four generations from a common male ancestor
are known as coparceners and they acquire a right by birth in the joint Hindu family property.
This group of males is known as coparcenary.
(a) Concept of joint Hindu family and coparcenary under Mitakshara and Dayabhaga
law and their incidents.
(b) Judicial and Legislative Trends
1. Commissioner of Income- tax v. Gomedalli Lakshminarayan,
AIR 1935 Bom. 412
1
2. Moro Vishwanath v. Ganesh Vithal (1873) 10 Bom. 444 4

Topic 2 : Property in Hindu Law

Kinds and Sources of property: Coparcenary and separate property, Gift from paternal
ancestor and property inherited from maternal ancestor.
3. Muhammad Husain Khan v. Babu Kishva Nandan Sahai,
AIR 1937 PC 233
10
4. C.N. Arunachala Mudaliar v. C.A. Muruganatha Mudaliar,
AIR 1953 SC 495
13
5. Smt. Dipo v. Wassan Singh, AIR 1983 SC 846 21
6. Commissioner of Wealth-tax v. Chander Sen, AIR 1986 SC 1753 23

Topic 3 : Karta

The position of karta in a joint Hindu family is sui-generis. He occupies a very important
position. His position is so unique that there is no office or institution in any other system of
the world which is comparable with it. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in
Hunoomanpersaud Panday v. Mussumat Babooee Munraj Koonweree (1856) 6 Moore’s
I.A. 393 had discussed the extent of karta’s power in relation to joint Hindu family property.
(a) Who can be a karta
(b) Position of a karta
(c) Powers, duties and liabilities of karta
7. M/s. Nopany Investments (P) Ltd. v. Santokh Singh (HUF),
2007 (13) JT 448
31

Topic 4 : Alienation of Joint Hindu Family Property

Ordinarily, neither karta nor any other coparcener singly possesses full power of
alienation over the joint family property or over his interest in the joint family property. It is
now settled that karta can alienate the joint Hindu family property in exceptional
circumstances, i.e. legal necessity and benefit of estate.
(a) Alienation by karta - sale, mortgage, gifts and wills
(b) Alienation by father
(c) Alienee’s rights duties and remedies
(d) Pious obligations of the son

8. Hunoomanpersaud Panday v. Mussumat Babooee Munraj Koonweree
(1854-1857) 6 Moore’s IA 393 (PC)
36
9. Sunil Kumar v. Ram Prakash (1988) 2 SCC 77 51
10. Dev Kishan v. Ram Kishan, AIR 2002 Raj. 370 60
11. Balmukand v. Kamla Wati, AIR 1964 SC 1385 69
12. Guramma Bhratar Chanbasappa Deshmukh v. Mallappa Chanbasappa,
AIR 1964 SC 510
74
13. R. Kuppayee v. Raja Gounder (2004) 1 SCC 295 81
14. Arvind & Abasaheb Ganesh Kulkarni v. Anna & Dhanpal Parisa
Chougule, AIR 1980 SC 645
87

Topic 5 : Partition

Partition means bringing the joint status to an end. On partition, the joint family ceases to
be joint, and nuclear families or different joint families come into existence. There are
members of the joint family who can ask for partition and are entitled to a share also. There is another category of the members of the joint family who have no right to partition but, if
partition takes place, they are entitled to share.
A reunion can be made only between the parties to partition.
(a) What is partition
(b) Subject matter of partition
(c) Partition how effected
(d) Persons who have a right to claim partition and who are entitled to a share
(e) Rules relating to division of property
15. A. Raghavamma v. A. Chenchamma, AIR 1964 SC 136 89
16. Puttrangamma v. M.S. Ranganna, AIR 1968 SC 1018 99
17. Kakumanu Pedasubhayya v. Kakumanu Akkamma,
AIR 1968 SC 1042
107
18. Namdev Vyankat Ghadge v. Chanadrakant Ganpat Ghadge
(2003) 4 SCC 71
115

PART - B : THE HINDU SUCCESSION ACT, 1956

The law of inheritance comprises rules which govern devolution of property, on the
death of a person, upon other persons solely on account of their relationship to the former.
The Hindu Succession Act came into force on 17 June 1956. It amends and codifies the law
relating to intestate succession among Hindus and brings about some fundamental and radical changes in the law of succession. The Act lays down a uniform and comprehensive system of inheritance and applies inter alia to persons governed by Mitakashara and Dayabhaga  schools, as also to those in certain parts of southern India who were previously governed by the Murumakkattayam, Alyasanatana and Nambudri systems of Hindu law. The Act was last amended in 2005, and has brought in major changes in the classical concept of coparcenaryas also in the class I heirs to the property of a male intestate.

Topic 7 : Succession to Property of a Male Intestate

(a) General introduction and the application of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956
(b) Devolution of Mitakshara property under the Act
(c) General principles of inheritance
(d) Disqualifications of heirs
19. Gurupad Khandappa Magdum v. Hirabai Khandappa Magdum,
AIR 1978 SC 1239
122
20. Vellikannu v. R. Singaperumal (2005) 6 SCC 622 127
21. S. Narayanan v. Meenakshi, AIR 2006 Ker. 143 134

Topic 8 : Succession to the Property of Female Intestate

(a) Hindu women’s estate
(b) Law relating to inheritance
22. Vaddeboyina Tulasamma v. Vaddeboyina Sesha Reddi,
AIR 1977 SC 1944
139
23. Jagannathan Pillai v. Kunjithapadam Pillai, AIR 1987 SC 1493 147
24. Bhagat Ram v. Teja Singh, AIR 2002 SC 1 154
25. Omprakash v. Radhacharan, 2009(7) SCALE 51 157

PART – C : MUSLIM LAW

Topic 9 : Law relating to Gifts

(a) Meaning and essentials of a valid gift
(b) Gift of Mushaa
(c) Gift made during Marz-ul-Maut
26. Mussa Miya walad Mahammed Shaffi v. Kadar Bax, AIR 1928 PC 108 160
27. Valia Peedikakkandi Katheessa Umma v. Pathakkalan Narayanath
Kunhamu, AIR 1964 SCC 275
165
28. Hayatuddin v. Abdul Gani, AIR 1976 Bom. 23 171
29. Abdul Hafiz Beg v. Sahebbi, AIR 1975 Bom. 165 178

Topic 10 : Law relating to Wills

(a). Capacity to make Will
(b). Subject matter of Will
(c) To whom Will can be made
(d). Abatement of legacies

Topic 11 : Law relating to Inheritance
(a) General rules of inheritance of Sunnis and Shias
(b) Classification of heirs
(c) Entitlement of primary heirs

IMPORTANT NOTE:

1. The students are advised to read only the books prescribed above along with
legislations and cases.

2. The topics and cases given above are not exhaustive. The teachers teaching the course
shall be at liberty to add new topics/cases.

3. The students are required to study the legislations as amended up-to-date and consult
the latest editions of books.

4. The Question Paper shall include one compulsory question consisting of five parts out
of which four parts will be required to be attempted. The question papers set for the academic years 2007-08 and 2008-09 are printed below for guidance.

* * * * *

LL.B. II Term Examinations, April-May, 2008

Note: Answer five questions including Question No. 1 which is compulsory.
All questions carry equal marks.

1. Attempt briefly any four of the following:
(i) A Hindu joint family does not come to an end by the extinction of coparcenary.
(ii) Pious obligations of a Hindu son to replay debts of father.
(iii) Gift of immovable joint family property in favour of daughter by the Karta.
(iv) Death bed gifts under Muslim law.
(v) Concept of ‘benefit of Estate’.

2. A, a Hindu male inherits a plot of land from his father F in 1950 and a year later a house
from his maternal grandfather. A’s son, S, seeks a partition of this house and the plot of
land claiming half share in each. Would he succeed? Discuss.

3. Khandappa, a male Hindu, governed by Mitakshara school, had two sons Gurupad and
Shivpad. The family lived in Bombay. Gurupad was a business executive with a
multinational firm and lived in a rented house in Delhi alongwith his wife Hirabai.
Unfortunately, Gurupad met with a road accident on March 20, 2007 and was admitted to
a private Nursing Home. He wrote a letter on March 25, 2007 expressing his intention in
unequivocal terms to separate from the joint family. He executed a will on March 26,
2007 with respect to his undivided interest in favour of his wife Hirabai and died on the
same day. The letter was delivered to other members of the family on March 30, 2007.
Hirabai, being the only heir of her deceased husband, claims the coparcenary interest
of her husband under the will. Can she succeed? Give reasons.
Also discuss her claims under the following circumstances:
(i) if Gurupad had died without making a will.
(ii) If Gurupad has died in 1954 after executing a will.

4. X, a male Hindu governed by Mitakshara law dies as an undivided coparcener in 2006
leaving behind his father F, Mother M; two sons S1, S2, Son’s wife S1 W unmarried sister
S and unmarried daughter D.
Ascertain the shares of all aforesaid persons in the coparcenary properties, if X was
governed by the law applicable in (a) Delhi (b) Tamil Nadu.

5. W inherited certain properly from her husband in 1930. She made a gift of this property in
1940 to X. S, the brother of the husband filed a suit and obtained a decree in 1943 to the
effect that the gift was not binding on him. In 1960, X made a gift back to W of the same
property which he had received in 1940. Thereafter W sold the property to Y in 1962 and
died in 1964. On W’s death S claimed the property from Y. Will he succeed? Will it make
any difference in your answer-
(i) If there had not been a gift back in 1960?
(ii) If there had been a gift back to W in 1954?
(iii) If W had mortgaged the property in favour of X instead of making the gift.
(iv) If W had died in 1954? Give reasons.

6. X dies intestate in 1994, and leaves behind his parents F and M, surviving spouse W, two
sons S1, and S2, two daughters D1 and D2. X also had an illegitimate son S3. S1 during
the lifetime of X, had converted to Muslim faith and had married a Muslim girl leaves
property worth Rs. 20 lakhs. Ascertain the shares of aforesaid heirs in X’s property.
(a) if X was a male Hindu
(b) if X was a female Hindu and the property was acquired by her.

7. A, a Sunni Muslim died in 2001, leaving behind properties worth Rs. 50 lakhs and is
survived by the spouse W, two sons S1 and S2, and a daughter D. Discuss who will get
the property and what would be the quantum of their shares if
(a) A was a male
(b) A was a female

8. Examine the validity of the following gifts: -
(i) Abdul makes a gift of his land to his wife Saira by a registered deed and it was
accepted by her mother. There is delivery of possession to the mother of Saira also
the whereabouts of her father are not known.
(ii) Zafar, makes a gift of his land to his nephew, Hamid, who is a minor. Hamid is living
with his uncle as his father is working in America. There is no delivery of possession,
even though the gift has been accepted on behalf of the minor by the father.
(iii) Zakir, makes a gift of a house in favour of his wife Zainab. The property so gifted
continues to be under the management of Zakir. No mutation of the names was
effected.

LL.B. II Term (Supplementary) Examinations, Aug.-Sept., 2008

Note: Answer any five questions including Question No. 1 which is compulsory.
All questions carry equal marks.

1. Attempt briefly any four of the following:
(a) Distinguish between a Mitakshara Coparcenary and a Hindu Joint Family.
(b) Explain the concept of “Benefit of Estate.”
(c) Discuss the validity of gift of Mushaa.
(d) Discuss the validity of the gifts made during marz ul maut.
(e) Discuss the remedies available to coparceners to protect their corresponding
share when the Karta wants to sell the same for legal necessity without consulting
them.

2. (i) What are the primary differences between the separate property and the coparcenary
property held by a coparcener under Hindu law?
(ii) Critically comment on the following statement:
The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 has made a substantial difference in
determining the character of property in the hands of the son, inherited by him from
his father vis-à-vis grandson from the position as understood under the Classical
Hindu law.

3. (a) Who can be a Karta of the Hindu Joint Family? Is this position open to a female
Hindu?
(b) Can the Karta of the Hindu Joint family make a gift of joint Hindu family immovable
property to his married daughter after 10 years of her marriage without the consent of
the other coparceners under Classical Hindu Law?

4. (i) A Hindu joint family comprised of the father, and his three sons, S1, S2, and S3. On
coming to known that the father was trying to sell some of the joint family properties
without any legal necessity. S1 who is aged 30 years walks upto Karta and says, “I
want partition and please hand me my share” Karta refuses. S1 executes a gift of ¼th
share of the property in favour of his friend X and dies. Is the gift valid? Discuss in
light of the rules relating to demand of a partition under Hindu law.
(ii) Under what situation can a minor coparcener demand partition? Discuss, in light of
relevant judicial precedents.

5. A, a male Hindu, dies in Delhi as an undivided member of Mitakshara coparcenary in
2006, and is survived by his parents M and F, his one married sister, Si, one son S and
one daughter D. D. has two children DD and DS and S has a wife SW, and two children
SD and SS. SS is married and has a wife, SSW, a son SSS and a daughter SSD.
Determine the share of each and every member in the family if the total value of the
property is Rs. 50 lakhs. Would your answer be any different if the family was domiciled
in Chennai?

6. (i) A, a male Hindu dies intestate in 2005 and is survived by his widow W. He also had
four children S1, S2, D1 and D2. S1 after conversion to Muslim faith got married to a
Muslim girl SW and died during the life time of A after begetting a son SS. D1 got married to a Christian man under the Special Marriage Act, 1954. S2 who had fallen
into bad company murdered A’s brother over a property dispute. A leaves behind
property worth Rs. 50 lakhs. Discuss who would inherit his property and what would
be their shares.
(ii) A, a female Hindu dies intestate in 2006, and has left behind property worth Rs. 80
lakhs. She had three children from her husband H who also survives her. Her one son
S1 died during her life time leaving behind his widow SW. Her other two children a
son S2 and a daughter D were married to non-Hindu spouses. She also had an
illegitimate child SS born to her before marriage as a result of an illicit affair with H2.
Besides theses relations her parents M and F were also living with her. Discuss who
gets her property and what would be their shares?

7. Discuss the rules relating to abatement of legacies under Sunni law and Shia law and
determine who would get the property in the following situations and what would be their
shares.
(i) A, a Muslim executes one will, and gives to X, Rs. 20,000 to Y Rs. 40,000 and to Z
Rs. 60,000. His total property at the time of his death consists of Rs. One lakh, eight
thousand.
(ii) A, a Muslim executes one will, and gives to X, Y and Z, Rs. 90,000 each out of his
property. The total property he leaves at the time of his death is Rs. Two lakhs, and
seventy thousand in cash.

8. A Sunni Muslim, A, dies leaving behind the parents M and F, a widow, W two son S1
and S2 and a daughter D. He leaves behind property worth Rs.60 lakhs. Discuss who will
get the property and what would be their shares.
What would be your answer if A was a female?

* * * * *
LL.B. II Term Examinations, May-June, 2009

Note: Attempt five questions including Question No. 1 which is compulsory.
All questions carry equal marks.

1. Attempt briefly any four of the following:
(i) Minor’s right to ask for partition.
(ii) Difference between separate property and joint family property.
(iii) Gift of Mushaa
(iv) Gifts of love and affection by Karta in favour of a married daughter.
(v) Distinguish between Joint Hindu Family and Mitakshara Coparcenary.

2. Raj, a Mitakshara Hindu, living in Allahabad owns the following properties.
(a) A shop which he got under the will of his father;
(b) A bungalow inherited after the death of his father in 2005; and
(c) An office purchased out of his own earnings made in course of his medical
profession, although the education was acquired with the help of joint family funds.
Ramesh, his son, seeks partition in the above mentioned properties. Will he
succeed? Give reasons.

3. A Mitakshara coparcenary consists of Rohit, the Karta and his two adult sons, Sonu and
Monu. The family lives in Raigarh. They have extensive coparcenary properties in the
form of 40 miles away from Raigarh. Rohit sells the land to Pawan and utitlises the sale
proceeds for the following purposes.
(i) making additions to and improvement in the family house;
(ii) discharging a debt taken by Rohit’s father for gambling purpose; and
(iii) for the marriage of Rohit’s 16 years old daughter.
Sonu and Monu challenge the alienations that it is not binding on them as they never
consented to such transaction and are not for legal necessity or benefit of estate. Decide.
Also discuss the rights and remedies of Pawan if transaction is effected.

4. Neeraj, Nandan and Arjun are three brothers constituting a Mitakshara coparcenary.
Arjun was is displeased with his eldest brother (Neeraj), informs him on 4-6-2008 on
phone: “I am thinking he sends a registered letter to his eldest brother expressing his
unequivocal intention to separate from the joint family. On 10-6-2008 he makes a gift
death of all his property in favour of Vrinda. Arjun’s death occurs on 14-6-2008. Before
the receipt of letter, Neeraj alienates an item of joint family property on 9-6-2008 to meet
the marriage expenses of their sister, Rita. The letter sent by Arjun actually reaches
Neeraj on 2-7-2008. Examine:
(i) Whether Vrinda is entitled to the share of Arjun under gift deed;
(ii) The status of Arjun at the time of his death whether he was member of joint
family or not;
(iii) Whether alienation made by Neeraj is valid?

5. X, a male Hindu governed by Mitakshara law dies in 2008 leaving behind separate
properties worth Rs. 40 crores and joint family property worth 100 crores his widow W;
two sons S1 (who ceased to be Hindu) and S2; two daughters D1 (married in 1982) and D2
(unmarried but deaf, dumb and blind) and two brothers Br1 and Br2. Ascertain the shares
of all aforesaid persons in the coparcenary properties. What be your answer if X had died
in 2000?

6. (i) Discuss the gradual legislative changes in the classical concept of Mitakshara joint
family and coparcenary.
(ii) What are the major features of the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005?

7. (i) Decide the following: Priya dies in 2005 leaving behind her property inherited from
her father and the following relations– husband, adopted daughter, deaf son and
mother.
(ii) Ascertain the shares of the following heirs under Sunni law –
(a) X, a Sunni male died in 2002, survived by widow W, son S and son of a
predeceased son SS. X left behind properties worth 20 lakhs.
(b) Y, a Sunni female died in 2002, survived by a son S: daughter D and husband H.
Y left behind properties inherited from her father.

8. (i) Discuss the rules relating to abatement of legacies under Sunni and Shia laws.
(ii) Examine the validity of following gifts:
(a) Hamid is suffering from cancer. When he comes to known about it, he makes gift
of all his property in favour of his wife. Six months later he dies.
Habib makes a gift of his house to his nephew, Imraan who is staying with him. However,
there is no delivery of possession of house but rent receipts are issued in the name of Imraan.

* * * * *
LL.B. II Term (Supplementary) Examinations, July-August, 2009

Note: Attempt five questions including Question No. 1 which is compulsory.
All questions carry equal marks.

1. Attempt briefly any four of the following:
(i) Distinguish between a Mistakshara coparcenary and Hindu Joint Family.
(ii) Gift of immovable Joint Family property in favour of daughter by the Karta.
(iii) Testamentary powers of a Muslim.
(iv) Death bed gift under Muslim law.
(v) Gift of Mushaa under Muslim law.

2. Mohandas, a Mitakshara Hindu, living in Delhi, owns the following properties:
(i) A piece of land inherited from his father in 1940.
(ii) A necklace worth rupees 20 lakhs from his maternal grandfather.
(iii) A house, which he has got from his father under a will.
(iv) A Honda city car purchased out of his earnings made in pursuance of his
medical profession. The formal education in medical college was acquired with the
aid of Joint Family funds.
His son Sohandas, demands share in the above mentioned properties. Decide.

3. A Mitakshara coparcenary consists of father Ramlal and his two sons Shyamlal and
Veerlal. Ramlal is the Karta of Joint Family. He alienates substantial portion of Joint
Family property for following purposes.
(a) To peform marriage of his daughter aged 16 years;
(b) To meet the educational expenses of a minor child in the family;
(c) To purchase a housing society flat in South Delhi.

4. A Mitakshara Joint Family residing in Delhi comprised of Ramesh and his sons Yogesh
and Mahesh. Yogesh was employed at Bombay. On 01.01.1946 Yogesh addressed a
registered letter a Ramesh and Mahesh expressing his intention of separate from the Joint
Family. On 02.01.1946, he executed a will bequeathing his interest in favour of his wife
Priyanka.On 3.1.1946. Ramesh sold the whole Joint Family property for discharging
family debts. On 4.1.1946 Yogesh died of severe heart attack. The registered letter written
by Yogesh, however reached Ramesh and Mahesh on 5.1.1946.
Examine whether Priyanka is entitled to the share of Yogesh in the above situation.
What would be your answer had Yogesh executed a will in 1961 and died a few days
later without separating from the family.
 

5. Motilal, a Mitakshara Hindu dies in 2007 leaving behind his widow W, a married
daughter D, a son S, his father F and one married sister X. He leaves behind separate
property worth rupees 24 lakhs and share in undivided property of rupees 48 lakhs.
Specify the shares of the surviving members in the abovementioned property, with
reference to relevant provisions of Hindu Succession Act, 1956 (amended upto date).
In the above factual situation will your answer be different, if family resided in:
(i) Tamil Nadu
(ii) Kerala

6. (a) Suman, a Hindu female, inherited certain property from her husband in 1940. She
made a gift of this property in 1942 to ‘X’. Sohan, thebrother of the husband filed a
suit and obtained a decree in 1944 to the effect that the gift was not binding on him.
In 1957 ‘X’ made a gift back to Suman of the same property, which he had received
in 1942. Thereafter Suman sold the property to Y in 1958 and died in 1959. On
Suman’s Death Sohan claimed the property from Y. Will he succeed?
(b) W, a famle Hindu died intestate in 1968 and leaves behind her spouse H, son S1,
illegitimate son S2, unmarried daughter D1 and married daughter D2. Ascertain the
shares of aforesaid heirs in W’s property.

7. Examine the validity of the following gifts:
(i) Zakir makes a gift by registered deed in favour of his wife Shabnam, who has
attained the age of puberty. The gift was accepted on Shabnam’s behalf by the
Mother in whose house Zakir and Shabnam were residing. Shabnam’s father and
grandfather were dead.
(ii) Tariq, executes a gift deed of a house in favour of his nephew Kadir, in which
both of them were residing. He didn’t depart from the house but paid the taxes etc. in
the name of his nephew.
(iii) Salman, makes a gift of a house in favour of his wife Rehana. The property so
gifted continues to be under the management of Salman. No mutation of the names
were effected.

8. (a) A Sunni male Muslim X, dies leaving behind parents M & F, a widow W and two son
S1 and S2 and a daughter D. he leaves behind property worth rupees 60 lakhs. Discuss
who will get the property and what would be their shares?
(b) X, a Muslim executes one will, and gives to A, B and C rupees 80,000 each out of his
property. The total property he leaves at the time of his death is rupees 2 lakhs and 40
thousand in cash. Apply the rules of abatment of legacies under Sunni law and Shia
law to determine the share of A, B and C in the property of X.