APPLICABILITY OF REGULATIONS FOR THE TIME
BEING IN FORCE
Notwithstanding the integrated nature of a course spread over more than one academic
year, the regulations in force at the time a student joins a course shall hold good only for
the examinations held during or at the end of the academic year. Nothing in these
regulations shall be deemed to debar the University from amending the regulations
subsequently and the amended regulations, if any, shall apply to all students whether
old or new.
GUIDELINES FOR CONTINUOUS INTERNAL ASSESSMENT (20%) FOR REGULAR
STUDENTS OF POST-GRADUATE COURSES (Annual System) Except M.Sc. (Mathematics)
(Effective from the First Year Admissions for the Academic Session 2004-2005)
1. The Syndicate has approved the following guidelines, mode of testing and evaluation including
Continuous Internal Assessment of students :
(i) Terminal Evaluation : 80 %
(ii) Continuous Assessment : 20 %
(iii) Continuous Assessment may include written assignment, snap tests, participation in
discussions in the class, term papers, attendance etc.
(iv) In order to incorporate an element of Continuous Internal Assessment of students, the
Colleges/Departments will conduct three tests as quantified below :
BEING IN FORCE
Notwithstanding the integrated nature of a course spread over more than one academic
year, the regulations in force at the time a student joins a course shall hold good only for
the examinations held during or at the end of the academic year. Nothing in these
regulations shall be deemed to debar the University from amending the regulations
subsequently and the amended regulations, if any, shall apply to all students whether
old or new.
GUIDELINES FOR CONTINUOUS INTERNAL ASSESSMENT (20%) FOR REGULAR
STUDENTS OF POST-GRADUATE COURSES (Annual System) Except M.Sc. (Mathematics)
(Effective from the First Year Admissions for the Academic Session 2004-2005)
1. The Syndicate has approved the following guidelines, mode of testing and evaluation including
Continuous Internal Assessment of students :
(i) Terminal Evaluation : 80 %
(ii) Continuous Assessment : 20 %
(iii) Continuous Assessment may include written assignment, snap tests, participation in
discussions in the class, term papers, attendance etc.
(iv) In order to incorporate an element of Continuous Internal Assessment of students, the
Colleges/Departments will conduct three tests as quantified below :
(a) Three Tests :
I 25
II 25 2 best tests = 50
III 25
(b) Snap Tests : 15
(c) Participation in class discussions : 10
(d) Term Paper/s : 15
(e) Attendance : 10
Total : 100 reduced to 20
2. Weightage of 2 marks for attendance component out of 20 marks for Continuous Assessment shall be
available only to those students who attend 75% and more of classroom lectures/seminars/
workshops. The break–up of marks for attendance component for theory papers shall be as under :
Attendance Component Mark/s for Theory Papers
(a) 75 % and above upto 85 % : 1
(b) Above 85 % : 2
3. It shall not be compulsory to pass in Continuous Internal Assessment. Thus, whatever marks are
secured by a student out of 20% marks, will be carried forward and added to his/her score out of
80 %, i.e. the remaining marks allocated to the particular subject and, thus, he/she shall have to secure
pass marks both in the University examinations as well as total of Internal Continuous Assessment
and University examinations.
4. Continuous Internal Assessment awards from the affiliated Colleges/Departments must be sent to the
Controller of Examinations, by name, two weeks before the commencement of the particular
examination on the proforma obtainable from the Examination Branch.
SPECIAL NOTE :
(i) The theory question paper will be of 80 marks and 20 marks will be for internal assessment.
(ii) For private candidates, who have not been assessed earlier for internal assessment, the marks
secured by them in theory paper will be increased proportionately to maximum marks of the paper
in lieu of internal assessment.
The paper setter must put note (ii) in the question paper.
(iii) In the case of Postgraduate Courses in the Faculties of Arts, Science, Languages, Education,
Design & Fine Arts, and Business Management & Commerce (falling under the purview of
Academic Council), where such a provision of Internal Assessment/Continuous Assessment
already exists, the same will continue as before.
(iv) The marks obtained by a candidate in Continuous Internal Assessment in Postgraduate Classes
from the admissions of 2004 will be shown separately in the Detailed-Marks-Card (D.M.C.).
PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH
OUTLINES OF TESTS, SYLLABI AND COURSES OF READING IN THE SUBJECT OF
PHILOSOPHY FOR M.A. PART I EXAMINATION, 2011
Paper-101 : PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Aims and Objectives :
The aim of this paper is to acquaint the students with various perspectives on the fundamental issues which
arise in our reflection on the human condition. Issues such as nature of human consciousness, selfknowledge,
freedom of action, perception, emotion and imagination will be discussed with special
reference to psycho-analysis, behaviourism, existentialist-phenomenological psychology in the western
tradition and samkhya-yoga, Buddhism and Vedanta in the Indian tradition.
Instructions for the Paper-setter and candidates :
(i) The theory question paper will be of 80 marks and 20 marks will be for internal assessment.
(ii) For private candidates, who have not been assessed earlier for internal assessment, the marks
secured by them in theory paper will be increased proportionately to maximum marks of the paper
in lieu of internal assessment.
The paper setter must put note (ii) in the question paper.
The syllabus has been divided into four units.
There shall be 9 questions in all. The first question is compulsory and shall be short answer type
containing 15 short questions spread over the whole syllabus to be answered in about 25 to 30 words each.
The candidates are required to attempt any 10 short answer type questions carrying 20 marks i.e. 2 marks of
each. Rest of the paper shall contain 4 units. Each unit shall have two questions and the candidates shall be
given internal choice of attempting one question from each Unit – 4 in all. Each question will carry 15
marks.
Course Contents :
Unit-I
1. Nature and Scope of Philosophical Psychology.
2. Problems of Description, Interpretation and Understanding of Human Actions.
Unit-II
3. Consciousness : Phenomenal and Transcendental.
4. Nature of Human Agency : Reasons and Causes.
Unit-III
5. Mind-Body Problem.
6. Free Will and Determinism.
Unit-IV
7. Self-Knowledge and Knowledge of others.
8. Personhood and Personal Identity.
9. Perception, Imagination and Emotion : Problems of Embodiment.
2 M. A. PHILOSOPHY PART I SYLLABUS
A. Essential Readings :
1. Leslie Stevenson & : Ten Theories of Human Nature (Oxford Univ. Press).
David L. Haberman
2. David Cohen : Psychologists on Psychology, Chapters 3, 8 and 11 (Ark
Paperbacks, London).
3. Shaffer, Jerome : Philosophy of Mind (Prentice-Hall, India, New Delhi).
4. Sartre, J.P. : The Emotions (Philosophical Library, New York).
5. Laing, R.D. : Self & Others (Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, U.K.).
6. Skinner, B.F. : Beyond Freedom and Dignity (Penguin Books,
Harmondsworth, U.K.).
7. Freud : Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (Penguin Books,
Harmondsworth, U.K.).
8. Upanishads : Mandukya and Taittiriya (Translated by Swami
Ghambhirananda, Advaita Ashrama, Calcutta).
9. Patanjali : Samadhi Pada Section of the Yoga Sutras in ‘The Science of
Yoga’ by I.K.Taimni (Theosophical Pub. House, Adiayar).
B. Further Readings :
1. White, A.R. (Ed.) : Philosophy of Action (Oxford University Press).
2. Ayer, A.J. : Concept of Person and Other Essays (Macmillan).
3. Louch, A.R. : Explanation and Human Action (University of California
. . Press).
4. Sanga Nath Jha (Tr.) : Sankhyakarika of Isvarakrisna.
5. Vivekananda : Raj Yoga.
6. Rhys Davids : Buddhism : A Study of the Buddhist Norm.
Paper-102 : WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
Aims and Objectives :
This paper aims at acquainting the student with the oral problems of metaphysics and epistemology in
Classical Greek and Modern European philosophy through a reading of related writings included in the
course. The problems of metaphysics such as the Nature of Man, God & Cosmos, Being & Becoming,
form and matter. Problems of epistemology will focus on kinds of knowledge. Sources of knowledge &
criterion of validation of knowledge.
Instructions for the Paper-Setters and candidates :
(i) The theory question paper will be of 80 marks and 20 marks will be for internal assessment.
(ii) For private candidates, who have not been assessed earlier for internal assessment, the marks
secured by them in theory paper will be increased proportionately to maximum marks of the paper
in lieu of internal assessment.
The paper setter must put note (ii) in the question paper.
The syllabus has been divided into four units.
There shall be 9 questions in all. The first question is compulsory and shall be short answer type
containing 15 short questions spread over the whole syllabus to be answered in about 25 to 30 words each.
M. A. PHILOSOPHY PART I SYLLABUS 3
The candidates are required to attempt any 10 short answer type questions carrying 20 marks i.e. 2 marks of
each. Rest of the paper shall contain 4 units. Each unit shall have two questions and the candidates shall be
given internal choice of attempting one question from each Unit – 4 in all. Each question will carry 15
marks.
Course Contents :
Unit-I
1. History of Greek Philosophy.
Pre-Socratic Philosophy, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle.
1. Nature of Reality.
2. Cosmogony.
3. One and Many, Being and Becoming.
4. Logos.
5. Opinion and Knowledge.
6. Existence and Essence.
7. Theory of Ideas.
8. Form and Matter.
9. Causality.
10. Soul.
Unit-II
2. Rationalism :
(a) Rene Descartes :
(i) Conception of Method and the Need for Method in Philosophy;
(ii) Cartesian Doubt and Scepticism;
(iii) Cogito as intuition and Inference;
(iv) Body mind problem;
(v) Interactionism;
(vi) Matter and Mind.
(b) Spinoza :
(i) The problem of Substance;
(ii) Its attributes and Modes;
(iii) Body-mind problem;
(iv) Double aspect or identity theory of mind-body;
(v) Three orders of knowing.
(c) Leibnitz, Wilhelm :
(i) Substance as the centre of activity;
(ii) Monadology;
(iii) The distinction between truths of reason and truths of facts;
(iv) Proofs for the existence of God;
(v) The principles of non-contradiction and sufficient reason;
(vi) The doctrine of pre-established harmony;
(vii) Problems of freedom and evil Parallelism.
4 M. A. PHILOSOPHY PART I SYLLABUS
Unit-III
3. Empiricism :
(a) John Locke :
(i) Ideas and their classification;
(ii) Origin and validity of knowledge;
(iii) Nature of knowledge;
(iv) Innate ideas;
(v) Primary and secondary qualities.
(b) George Berkeley :
(i) Berkeley’s rejection of materialism;
(ii) Criticism of abstract ideas;
(iii) Esse est Percipi;
(iv) Berkeley’s idealism and the problem of intersubjectivity;
(v) The centrality of the notion of God.
(c) David Hume :
(i) Distinction between ideas and impressions;
(ii) Hume’s treatment of the external world;
(iii) Matter, mind and causality;
(iv) Matters of fact and matters of belief;
(v) Criticism of Realism, Materialism and Idealism.
Unit-IV
Transcendentalism : Immanuel Kant & Idealism : George Wilhelm Hegel :
(i) Kant’s critical philosophy;
(ii) Classification of judgements;
(iii) Analytic and Synthetic judgements;
(iv) Categories of understanding;
(v) Space and time as forms of intuition;
(vi) Phenomena and Noumena;
(vii) The ideas of Reason, Soul, God, Freedom and Immortality;
(viii) Hegel’s conception Spirit (Geist).
(ix) Dialectic method of Hegel;
(x) Absolute idealism of Hegel and his conceptions of being and becoming.
A. Essential Readings :
1. Neham : Selection from Early Greek Philosophy (New York Appleton, Ed., 1954).
2. Plato : Collected Works, Translation by B. Jowett, Tudor Pub., N.Y. (with special
. reference to Theatetus, Parmenides, Republic, Sophist).
3. Aristotle : Metaphysics : Translated by Richard Hope (Ann. Arbor University of Michigan
. Press, 1960).
M. A. PHILOSOPHY PART I SYLLABUS 5
4. Descartes : Discourse on Method : Tr. by Laflear, (N. Y. Libra Arts Press, 1950).
5. Spinoza : Chief Works of Benedict De Spinoza : Tr. by R.H.N. Slwes (N.Y. Dover, 1951).
6. Leibnitz : Monadology : Translated by H.W. Carr Los Ange : University of South
. (California Press, 1930).
7. Locke : An Essay Concerning Human Understanding : Edited by A.C. Fraser
. (N. R. Dover, 1959).
8. Berkeley : The Works of George Berkeley : Edited by A. A. Loue and T.E. Jessop
. (London, Nelson, 1948).
9. Hume : A Treatise of Human Nature : Ed. by Selby-Bigge (Oxford Clarendon, 1888).
10. Kant : Critique of Pure Reason : Tr. by N. K. Smith (London, Macmillan, 1933).
11. Hegel : The Phenomenology of Mind : Tr. by Baille (New York, Macmillan, 1931).
B. Further Readings :
1. Burnet : Early Greek Philosophy, London : Adam & Charles Black, 1948.
2. Zeller : Outlines of History of Greek Philosophy, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul,
1950.
3. Collins : A History of Modern European Philosophy (Milwaukee Bruce Pub., 1954).
4. Falkenberg : History of Modern Philosophy, Calcutta (Progressive Publication, 1963).
Paper-103 : CLASSICAL INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
Objectives :
The aim of this paper is to create the cultured awareness among the students acquainting them with the
great intellectual traditional heritage of our country. The paper intends to give a clear, comprehensive and
critical account of the various systems of Classical Indian Philosophy. As a way of Life Darshan was one of
the prominent branches of learning which suggests in appropriate way for attaining happiness in this life
and hereafter.
Instructions for the Paper-setter and candidates :
(i) The theory question paper will be of 80 marks and 20 marks will be for internal assessment.
(ii) For private candidates, who have not been assessed earlier for internal assessment, the marks
secured by them in theory paper will be increased proportionately to maximum marks of the paper
in lieu of internal assessment.
The paper setter must put note (ii) in the question paper.
The syllabus has been divided into four units.
There shall be 9 questions in all. The first question is compulsory and shall be short answer type
containing 15 short questions spread over the whole syllabus to be answered in about 25 to 30 words each.
The candidates are required to attempt any 10 short answer type questions carrying 20 marks i.e. 2 marks of
each. Rest of the paper shall contain 4 units. Each unit shall have two questions and the candidates shall be
given internal choice of attempting one question from each Unit – 4 in all. Each question will carry 15
marks.
6 M. A. PHILOSOPHY PART I SYLLABUS
Course Contents :
Unit-I
Upanishads : Upanishadic world-view
(i) Methods adopted in the Upanishads;
(ii) Nature of Atman, Brahman;
(iii) States of Consciousness;
(iv) Kinds of Knowledge;
(v) Concept of Karma;
(vi) Moksha and Atmasakshatkara.
Vedanta : Sankara and Ramanuja and Purva-Mimamsa
(i) Place of Brahman, Ishvara and Jiva;
(ii) Concept of Maya and Avidya;
(iii) Theory of Adhyasa;
(iv) Concept of substance and Nityavibhuti in Ramanuja.
Unit-II
Buddhism, Jainism and Carvaka :
(i) Doctrine of Pratityasamutpada in Buddhism;
(ii) Shunyavada and Vijnanavada;
(iii) Karma and Nirvana;
(iv) Saptabhanginaya in Jainism;
(v) Anekantavada;
(vi) Concept of Karma and Kaivalya;
(vii) Carvaka’s Swabhavavada;
(viii) Pramana and refutation of Vyapti.
Unit-III
(i) Purva-Mimamsa view of Dharma;
(ii) Svatah pramanyaváda;
(iii) Khyati;
(iv) Nature of Prakrti-Purusha relationship in Shamkhya System of Philosophy;
(v) Satkaryavada;
(vi) Sristti-utpatti, siddhanta;
(vii) Concept of Yoga.
Unit-IV
Indian Logic and Epistemology : Nyaya-Vaiseshika.
(i) Theories of knowledge;
(ii) Pramanas : Pratyaksha, Anumana, Upamana, Shabda, Arthapatti, Anupalabdhi;
(iii) Forms of Aprama;
(iv) Khyati Pancakam;
M. A. PHILOSOPHY PART I SYLLABUS 7
(v) Hetvabhasa;
(vi) Abhava;
(vii) Vyaptigrahopaya;
(viii) Pancavayav;
(ix) Padarthas : Samanya and Visesha.
A. Essential Readings :
1. Upanisads : Katha, Kena Chapters 1 and 2, Mandukya, Chhandogaya,
Tr. Radhakrishnan, Nikhilananda & R.E. Hume.
2. The Dhamapada, Milinda Prashanan, H.C. Warren’s Buddhism in Translations (Trans.
Radhakrishnan).
3. Vedanta : The Vedanta Sutra with the Commentary by Samkara. The
Vedanta Sutra with the Commentary by Ramanuja.
4. D.N. Shastri : Nyaya Vaiseska in its Conflict with Dignaga.
5. M. Hiriyanna : Outlines of Indian Philosophy.
6. C.D. Bijalwana : Indian Theory of Knowledge.
B. Further Readings :
1. R. E. Hume : Thirteen Principal Upanishads.
2. S. Radhakrishnan : Indian Philosophy, Vols. I and II.
3. S. N. Das Gupta : History of Indian Philosophy, Vols. I, III and V.
4. S. C. Chatterji : Nyaya Theory of Logic.
5. S. C. Vidya Bhushan : History of Indian Logic.
6. F. Stecherbatsky : Buddhist Logic, Vols. I and II.
7. S. Chatterjee : Nyaya Theory of Knowledge.
Paper-104 : LOGIC
Objectives :
The paper aims at training the students in skills of critical reasoning by introducing laws of thought, criteria
for validity of arguments, deductive and inductive reasoning.
Instructions for the Paper-setter and candidates :
(i) The theory question paper will be of 80 marks and 20 marks will be for internal assessment.
(ii) For private candidates, who have not been assessed earlier for internal assessment, the marks
secured by them in theory paper will be increased proportionately to maximum marks of the paper
in lieu of internal assessment.
The paper setter must put note (ii) in the question paper.
8 M. A. PHILOSOPHY PART I SYLLABUS
The syllabus has been divided into four units.
There shall be 9 questions in all. The first question is compulsory and shall be short answer type
containing 15 short questions spread over the whole syllabus to be answered in about 25 to 30 words each.
The candidates are required to attempt any 10 short answer type questions carrying 20 marks i.e. 2 marks of
each. Rest of the paper shall contain 4 units. Each unit shall have two questions and the candidates shall be
given internal choice of attempting one question from each Unit – 4 in all. Each question will carry 15
marks.
Course Contents :
Unit-I
Logic, Language and Thought, Definition of Proposition and Classification, Square of Opposition of
Propositions and its Boolean Modification.
Inference and Argument, Validity of Argument, Types of Inference – Immediate and Mediate (Syllogism).
Immediate Inference – Conversion, Obversion, Contraposition, Inversion and Inference by relation of
opposition between proposition.
Syllogism – Its Rules or Axioms and Fallacies, Figures and Moods of Syllogism, general theorems of
Syllogism and special theorems of each figure, Types of Syllogism – Enthymem and Sorities, Test of
Syllogism –Antilogism.
Unit-II
Formalization of Language, Symbolization of propositions, Classification of Proposition according to
structure—Simple and Compound, Classification of proposition according to Truth Value –Tautology,
Contradiction and Contingency.
Truth Function, Prepositional Form, Argument and Argument Form, Rules of Inference and Rules of
Replacement.
Proofs of validity of Arguments and Proofs for Tautology, Formal Proof, Conditional Proof and Indirect
Proof.
Proof of Invalidity of Argument – Shorter Truth –Table method.
Unit-III
Symbolization of general Propositions (Singly general and Multiply general propositions), Rules of
Quantification.
Proofs of Validity and Invalidity of Arguments involving General Propositions.
Logic of Relations, Symbolization of Propositions involving, Rational Predicates, Formal Properties of
Relation –Symmetry, Reflexivity, Transitivity.
Boolean Normal Forms, Identification of Formulas as – Tautologies, Contradiction and Contingency.
M. A. PHILOSOPHY PART I SYLLABUS 9
Unit-IV
Induction as a form of Reasoning, Formal grounds of Induction –Law of Causation and Law of Uniformity
of Nature, Paradox of Induction, Inductive generalization –role of fair samples.
Induction and Probability, Subjective and Objective Theories of Probability, Calculus of Probability.
Scientific Method – different methods of Authority, Tenacity and Intuition, Hypothesis, Formal Conditions
of Hypothesis, Test of Hypothesis, Role of Crucial Experiments. Explanation, Nature of Scientific
Theories.
Mill’s Methods of Experimental Inquiry – Criticism of the methods of Agreement, Difference, Joint
method, Method of Concomitant variation and method of Residue.
A. Essential Readings :
1. Irving M. Copi : Introduction to Logic.
2. Irving M. Copi : Symbolic Logic (Macmillan Collier, New York).
3. Cohen & Nagel : Introduction to Logic & Scientific Method (Allied Publishers,
New Delhi).
B. Further Readings :
1. B. Russell : Principles of Mathematics ( Allen & Unwin, London).
2. Jean Necod : Foundation of Geometry and Induction (Kegan Paul).
----------------------------
OUTLINES OF TESTS, SYLLABI AND COURSES OF READING IN THE SUBJECT OF
PHILOSOPHY FOR M.A. PART II EXAMINATION, 2011.
Paper-201 : TWENTIETH CENTURY WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
Aims and Objectives :
The aim of this paper is to introduce the students to 20th century trends in Western Philosophy. The students
are also given an Indian perspective on theories of meaning. The course in Philosophy of Language will
primarily deal with the problems of linguistic analysis, and principle of verifiability. Relation between
meaning and truth.
Instructions for the Paper-setter and candidates :
(i) The theory question paper will be of 80 marks and 20 marks will be for internal assessment.
(ii) For private candidates, who have not been assessed earlier for internal assessment, the marks
secured by them in theory paper will be increased proportionately to maximum marks of the paper
in lieu of internal assessment.
The paper setter must put note (ii) in the question paper.
The syllabus has been divided into four units.
There shall be 9 questions in all. The first question is compulsory and shall be short answer type
containing 15 short questions spread over the whole syllabus to be answered in about 25 to 30 words each.
The candidates are required to attempt any 10 short answer type questions carrying 20 marks i.e. 2 marks of
each. Rest of the paper shall contain 4 units. Each unit shall have two questions and the candidates shall be
given internal choice of attempting one question from each Unit – 4 in all. Each question will carry 15
marks.
Course Contents :
Unit-I
Philosophy of Language :
I Early Analysts
G.E. Moore : (i) Refutation of Idealism, (ii) Proof of the External World.
B. Russell : Logical Atomism
Logical Positivism
A. J. Ayer : Elimination of Metaphysics; Principle of Verifiability.
II Semantics : Frege’s distinction between sense and reference, concepts and objects : related
problems and their proposed solutions :
(a) Identity; (b) Negative Existentials; (c) Indirect Speech; (d) Propositional attitude.
III (a) Meaning and Role of Singular Terms :
(i) Proper Names : Definite Descriptions, Russel’s Name Claim.
(ii) Searle’s Cluster Theory.
(iii) Kripke’s Critique.
(b) Proper Names : Direct Reference, and the Causal –Historical Theory making into
consideration Possible Worlds, Rigidity and Proper Names, Direct Reference : The
Causal Historical Theory and its problems – Natural kind terms and “Twin Earth
Theory”.
M. A. PHILOSOPHY PART II SYLLABUS 11
Unit-II
IV The Relation between Meaning and Truth :
(a) What is theory of meaning?
1. Traditional Theories of Meaning.
2. “Use” theory.
3. Psychological Theory (Grice)—Speaker and sentence meaning.
4. Truth Condition (Davidson).
5. Truth Condition Theories : Possible World and Intentional Semantics, Problems of
Substituitivity.
(b) Pragmatics : Speech Acts, J.R. Searle.
V Theories of Meaning (Indian) :
Conditions of Knowing the Meaning of Sentence :
Akanksa, Yogyata, Sannidhi and Tatparyajnana
The Mimamsa Definition of a Sentence
Akanksa, Yogyata, Sannidhi, Elliptical Sentences, Tatparyajnana
Unit-III
EXISTENTIALISM & PHENOMENOLOGY
Objectives :
The course aims at enabling the students to understand and critically examine the basic issues of
existentialism and phenomenology, such as intentionality, language and meaning, phenomenological
reductionism, temporality, subjectivity, the transcendental, authenticity and the body subject.
Course Contents :
I Phenomenology as Transcendental Philosophy :
(i) Phenomenological Philosophy and its background
(ii) Position in relation to European Philosophy
II The Standpoint and Method of Phenomenology :
(i) Nature of Phenomenological Analysis
(ii) Phenomenological Reduction
(iii) Critique of Nominalism and Psychologism.
(iv) Notion of Intentionality and Intentional Analysis
(v) Meaning and the a priori
(vi) Phenomenology and Temporality
III Phenomenology as Transcendental Philosophy :
(i) The Transcendental and the Transcendent
(ii) Subjectivity and inter subjectivity
(iii) Problem of ‘Constitution’
(iv) Lebenswelt
IV Husserlian Phenomenology to M. Ponty’s Existential Phenomenology :
(i) M. Ponty’s Critique of Husserl’s Eidetic Reduction
(ii) M. Ponty’s Critique of Empiricism and Rationalism
(iii) Freedom, Life-World and Authenticity
(iv) The Body Subject
(v) Consciousness, Language and Meaning
12 M. A. PHILOSOPHY PART II SYLLABUS
Unit-IV
V Existentialism through Phenomenology : Analysis of Consciousness :
(i) What is Existentialism?
(ii) Departure from Phenomenological Essentialism
(iii) Basic Structures of Existence
(iv) Heidegger’s and Sartre’s Position within the Phenomenological Movement
(v) Nature of Consciousness
(vi) Freedom, Decision and Choice
(vii) Being-in-itself & Being-for-itself
(viii) Consciousness and Temporality
(ix) Existence : Authentic and Non-Authentic
VI Intentionality, Freedom and Bad Faith
Interpersonal Understanding and Hermeneutic Reflection
Essential Readings (For Section A) :
1. G.E. Moore : Philosophical Papers (Routledge and Kegan Paul).
2. Ed. Robert R. Ammerman : Classics of Analytical Philosophy (Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Co. Ltd., Bombay-New Delhi), 1965.
3. S. Kripke : Meaning and Necessity (Cambridge : Harward University
Press), 1972.
4. H.R. Parkinson : Theory of Meaning (Oxford University Press), 1970.
5 D. Davidson : Inquiries into Truth & Interpretation.
6. J. R. Searle : Speech Acts (Oxford University Press, London), 1972.
7. L. Wittgenstein : Tractatus - Logico - Philosophicus (Routledge and Kegan
Paul).
8. L. Wittgenstein : Philosophical Investigations (Basil Black Well) Part I
(Relevant Passages) (Basil Black Well).
9. G. E. Moore : Philosophical Papers (Routledge and Kegan Paul).
10. K. Kunjhunni Raja : Indian Theories of Meaning Vol. 91 (The Adayar Library and
Research Centre, Adayar).
Further Readings (For Section A) :
1. W. V. Quine : “Two Dogmas of Empiricism” from a Logical Point of View
(Cambridge, Harward University Press, 1953).
2. Ed. G. Evans and
J. McDowell
: Truth and Meaning (Oxford : Oxford University Press) 1976.
3. B. Russell : “On Denoting” and “The Philosophy of Logical Atomism”
in Logic and Knowledge (London : Allen and Unwin) 1956.
Essential Readings (For Section B) :
1. M. Merleau Ponty : Phenomenology of Perception (Routledge and Kegan
Paul, London).
2. J. P. Sartre : Being & Nothingness.
3. Hans-George Gadamer : Philosophical Hermeneutics tr. and edited by David
(University of California Press), 1977.
M. A. PHILOSOPHY PART II SYLLABUS 13
Further Readings (For Section B) :
1. Phenomenology : The Philosophy of Edmund Husserl and its
Interpretation (ed.). Joseph J. Kockelmans, Anchor Books
Doubleday and Company, Inc. Garden City, New York.
2. Farber, Marvin : The Aims of Phenomenology : The Motives, Methods and
Impact of Husserl’s Thought (N. Y. Harper Torch Books)
1966.
3. John Macquarie : Existentialism. (Penguin Books, First Published, 1972).
4. Schradev, George Alfred : Existential Philosophers - Kierkegaard to M. Ponty, N. York,
McGraw Hill, 1967.
5. Solomon, Robert (ed.) : Phenomenology & Existentialism, N.Y., 1972.
6. Spiegelberg, Herbert : The Phenomenological Movement, A Historical
Introduction, 2 Vols. (The Hague, Martinus Nijhelt) 1960.
7. Babab, John F. The Philosophy of Merleau-Ponty, (N.Y. Harcourt, Brace &
World, Inc., 1967).
8. J. L. Mehta : The Philosophy of Martin Heidegger, Varanasi, Banaras
Hindu University, 1967.
Paper-202 : ETHICS
Aims and Objectives :
The objective of this paper is to make students understand moral beliefs and fundamental principles which
may be put into practices to judge rightness or wrongness of actions. Therefore, the paper will be
concerned with the analysis of certain moral concepts and various ethical theories. A student is expected to
be familiar with such problems like role of reason in ethics, truth in ethics, authenticity, freedom and
responsibility, moral agent, purusarthas and self-realisation.
Instructions for the Paper-setter and candidates :
(i) The theory question paper will be of 80 marks and 20 marks will be for internal assessment.
(ii) For private candidates, who have not been assessed earlier for internal assessment, the marks
secured by them in theory paper will be increased proportionately to maximum marks of the paper
in lieu of internal assessment.
The paper setter must put note (ii) in the question paper.
The syllabus has been divided into four units.
There shall be 9 questions in all. The first question is compulsory and shall be short answer type
containing 15 short questions spread over the whole syllabus to be answered in about 25 to 30 words each.
The candidates are required to attempt any 10 short answer type questions carrying 20 marks i.e. 2 marks of
each. Rest of the paper shall contain 4 units. Each unit shall have two questions and the candidates shall be
given internal choice of attempting one question from each Unit – 4 in all. Each question will carry 15
marks.
Unit-I
Foundational Course
1. Ethics and its subject matter (East and West).
2. Nature of Ethical Theory and its forms (East and West).
14 M. A. PHILOSOPHY PART II SYLLABUS
Western Ethics
(a) Aristotle’s Eudamonism.
(b) Utilitarianism: John Stuart Mill and Henry Sidgwick.
(c) Joseph Butler’s Conscience Theory.
(d) Immanuel Kant’s Moral Law.
KEY CONCEPTS :
(i) Happiness; (ii) Virtue; (iii) Duty and Delegation; (iv) Freedom and Responsibility; (v) Justice, and
Equality; (vi) Rta and Satya; (vii) Rna and Yajna; (viii) Yoga and Ksema.
Unit-II
Analytical Approach to Ethics
(a) Nature of Meta-Ethics (is-ought controversy).
(b) Indefinability of good (G. E. Moore).
(c) Emotive meaning of ethical terms (A. J. Ayer and C. L. Stevenson).
(d) Prescriptivism (R.M. Hare) and Universalizability.
(e) Moral Disagreement.
(f) Truth in Ethics.
(g) Reason in Ethics.
Unit-III
Existential Approach to Ethics with special reference to Jasper’s & Simone De’ beauvoir
(a) Concept of Man.
(b) Being and Value : Subjectivity and Universalizability.
(c) Authenticity, Freedom and Responsibility.
(d) Situation Ethics.
(e) Role of Reason in Moral Life.
(f) Self and Others.
Unit-IV
Indian Ethics
(a) Purusharthas : Niskama Karma in Gita.
(b) Upanshadic Concept of Self-Realization.
Essential Readings :
1. Aristotle : Nicomachean Ethics (Penguin).
2. Ethel M. Albert, Theodore C.
Demise and Sheldon P. Peter
Freud
: Great Traditions in Ethics : An Introduction, Eunasia Publishing
House (P) Limited, Ram Nagar, New Delhi, 1968.
3. Immanuel Kant : Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Kant (Cambridge).
4. Mary Warnock : Ethics : Since 1900.
5. Joel Feinberg (Ed.) : Moral Concepts (Oxford University Press).
6. Karl Jaspers : Philosophy, Vol. II, Tr. by E. B. Ashton (The University of
Chicago Press).
7. Simone De’beauvoir : Ethics of Ambiguity.
M. A. PHILOSOPHY PART II SYLLABUS 15
Further Readings :
1. Maitra, S.K. : The Ethics of the Hindus.
2. Hiriyanna, M. : The Indian Conception of Values.
The students may opt any two papers from the following optional papers :
Paper-203 : SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
Objectives :
The paper aims at enabling the students to critically analyse key concepts in Social & Political philosophy
with special reference to major theories in the subject. A student is expected to be familiar with problems
such as the nature of political obligation, ideals of a good society, morality, law and order, social changes,
tradition and modernity.
Instructions for the Paper-setter and candidates :
(i) The theory question paper will be of 80 marks and 20 marks will be for internal assessment.
(ii) For private candidates, who have not been assessed earlier for internal assessment, the marks
secured by them in theory paper will be increased proportionately to maximum marks of the paper
in lieu of internal assessment.
The paper setter must put note (ii) in the question paper.
The syllabus has been divided into four units.
There shall be 9 questions in all. The first question is compulsory and shall be short answer type
containing 15 short questions spread over the whole syllabus to be answered in about 25 to 30 words each.
The candidates are required to attempt any 10 short answer type questions carrying 20 marks i.e. 2 marks of
each. Rest of the paper shall contain 4 units. Each unit shall have two questions and the candidates shall be
given internal choice of attempting one question from each Unit – 4 in all. Each question will carry 15
marks.
Course Contents :
Unit-I
Nature and Scope of Social and Political Philosophy with special reference to the distinction and relation
between the natural and the social realm, distinction between science and philosophy, relation between
sociology, political science, and social & political philosophy.
Unit-II
Relation of Individual to (i) Groups : Smaller (Family, Caste, Community, etc.) and Larger (Nation,
Humanity, etc.), (ii) Society and State.
Unit-III
Key Concepts in Social and Political Philosophy :
(i) Civil Society; (ii) Social Contract; (iii) Sovereignty; (iv) Consent, Dissent, Resistance; (v) Power and
Authority; (vi) Political Obligation; (vii) Common Good and Moral Obligation; (viii) Equality, Liberty and
Fraternity; (ix) Rights; (x) Justice; (xi) Ideology and Utopia; (xii) Morality, Law and Order; (xiii) Class
and Caste; (xiv) Social Change; (xv) Tradition and Modernity; (xvi) Imperialism, Colonialism and Neo-
Colonialism; (xvii) Democracy; (xviii) Revolution and Reform; (xix) Violence; (xx) Alienation.
16 M. A. PHILOSOPHY PART II SYLLABUS
Unit-IV
Major Theories in Social and Political Philosophy :
(a) Egalitarianism; (b) Liberalism; (c) Anarchism; (d) Marxism; (e) Gandhism; (f) Radical Humanism.
An exposure to the above themes and perspectives through the writings of Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke,
Rousseau, Kant, Hegel, Marx, Sartre, Rawls, Nozick, Fanon in the Western tradition, Mahatma Gandhi and
M. N. Roy.
Essential Readings :
1. Daya Krishna : Social Philosophy : Past & Future.
2. Marx, Karl : Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts.
3. Plato : Republic.
4. Gandhi, M.K : Hind Swaraj.
5. Fanon, Franz : The Wretched of the Earth (Penguin).
6. Sartre : Revolution and the Intellectual (in Politics) and Literature,
published by Calder & Boyers (London).
Further Readings :
1. Quniton (Ed.) : Political Philosophy (O.U.P.).
2. King and McGilvicy (Eds.) : Political and Social Philosophy : Traditional and
Contemporary Readings (McGraw Hill), New York.
3. Kymlicka : Contemporary Political Philosophy (Oxford).
Paper-204 : PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION
Aims and Objectives :
The objective of teaching this paper is to give a comprehensive understanding of religion. The comparative
study of four dominant religions helps in grasping the important difference and essential similarities
between these religions. The study of analytical and existential--.phenomenological approaches to religion
to enable the students to think independently about the living issues of religion and to develop insights to
solve them in their own way.
Instructions for the Paper-setter and candidates :
(i) The theory question paper will be of 80 marks and 20 marks will be for internal assessment.
(ii) For private candidates, who have not been assessed earlier for internal assessment, the marks
secured by them in theory paper will be increased proportionately to maximum marks of the paper
in lieu of internal assessment.
The paper setter must put note (ii) in the question paper.
The syllabus has been divided into four units.
There shall be 9 questions in all. The first question is compulsory and shall be short answer type
containing 15 short questions spread over the whole syllabus to be answered in about 25 to 30 words each.
The candidates are required to attempt any 10 short answer type questions carrying 20 marks i.e. 2 marks of
each. Rest of the paper shall contain 4 units. Each unit shall have two questions and the candidates shall be
given internal choice of attempting one question from each Unit – 4 in all. Each question will carry 15
marks.
M. A. PHILOSOPHY PART II SYLLABUS 17
Course Contents :
Unit-I
Salient features of Hinduism, Sikhism, Christianity & Islam.
Unit-II
Basic Issues : (a) Religion, Theology and Philosophy of Religion : Morality and Religion : Science and
Religion : Religious Knowledge; (b) Theistic Religious Concepts and Issues :- God and Attributes, Proofs
and Counter Proofs for God’s Existence : Faith and Revelation : Problem of Evil and Theodicies : Concept
of Devotion; (c) Non-theistic Religious Concepts and Issues - Human Suffering and its Course : Human
Destiny : Highest Spiritual Goal : Concept of Sadhna and Renunciation. Religious experience, Bhakti and
Mukti.
Unit-III
Analytical Approach to Religion : Cognitive and Non-cognitive view of Religion (Basil Mitchell,
John Hick, R.M. Hare, I.M. Cromlie, Alvin Plantinga, J.L. Mackie, H.H. Price, R.B. Braithwaite, D.L.
Phillips, R.W. Hepburn, Terence Penethum).
Unit-IV
Existential-Phenomenological Approach to Religion - Numinous - Mysterious, awe inspiring and
fascinating experience : Critique of the proofs for God’s existence and institutionalised religion, Nature
of Religious Experience, Subjectivity and Transcendence, Reason & Faith.
Essential Readings :
1. John Hick : Philosophy of Religion (Prentice Hall of India Ltd., New Delhi).
2. Basil Mitchell : Philosophy of Religion (Oxford University Press, Oxford).
3. Swami Vivekanand : Raj Yoga (Ram Krishna Ashram, Nagpur).
4. Rudolf Otto : The Idea of the Holy (Unwin Brothers Ltd., London, 1959).
5. William James : The Varieties of Religious Experience : N.Y., New American Library,
1958.
6. Bethis, Joseph Dabney : Phenomenology of Religion, N.Y. and London : Harper and Row
Publishers, 1969.
7. Soren Kierkegaard : Concluding Unscientific Postscript (Princeton University Press).
8. Karl Jaspers : The Perennial Scope of Philosophy (Routledge and Kegan Paul,
London).
9. S.G. Champion : The Eleven Religions (George Allen & Sons Pvt. Ltd., London).
Paper- 205 : AESTHETICS : INDIAN & WESTERN
Instructions for the Paper-setter and candidates :
(i) The theory question paper will be of 80 marks and 20 marks will be for internal assessment.
(ii) For private candidates, who have not been assessed earlier for internal assessment, the marks
secured by them in theory paper will be increased proportionately to maximum marks of the paper
in lieu of internal assessment.
The paper setter must put note (ii) in the question paper.
18 M. A. PHILOSOPHY PART II SYLLABUS
The syllabus has been divided into four units.
There shall be 9 questions in all. The first question is compulsory and shall be short answer type
containing 15 short questions spread over the whole syllabus to be answered in about 25 to 30 words each.
The candidates are required to attempt any 10 short answer type questions carrying 20 marks i.e. 2 marks of
each. Rest of the paper shall contain 4 units. Each unit shall have two questions and the candidates shall be
given internal choice of attempting one question from each Unit – 4 in all. Each question will carry 15
marks.
Course Contents :
Unit-I
1. Definition and Scope of Aesthetics, its relation to art history, psychology of art and art criticism.
2. Nature of Aesthetic experience and its similarity to mystical experience.
Unit-II
3. Aesthetic emotion, Rasa and Bhava.
4. The ontological status of an art object.
Unit-III
5. Artistic creativity and pratibha.
6. Aesthetic meaning and the concepts of alamkara, vakrokti and dhvani and aucitya.
Unit-IV
7. The relationship between art and reality.
8. Nature of aesthetic judgement.
Essential Readings :
1. Manmohan Ghosh Trs. : The Natyasastra of Bharata Muni, Chs. I, VI & VII.
2. Rajeshekhar : The Kavyamimansa.
3. Ingram Bywate Tr. : Aristotle on the Art of Poetry and Fine Art.
4. Meredith : The Critique of Judgement by Immanuel Kant.
5. Morris Weitz (ed.) : Problems of Aesthetics : An Introductory Book of Readings.
6. Ananda Coomaraswamy : The Transformation of Nature in Art.
Paper-206 : PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY AND CULTURE
Objectives of Studying Philosophy of History :
The paper aims at an understanding of the concept of time, history, historical processes and narratives for
interpreting and explaining the same. Role of language, religion, ideology and technology in the evolution
of culture will be discussed to illuminate the relations between culture civilization & individual through the
writings of seminal Indian & Western thinkers.
Instructions for the Paper-setter and candidates :
(i) The theory question paper will be of 80 marks and 20 marks will be for internal assessment.
M. A. PHILOSOPHY PART II SYLLABUS 19
(ii) For private candidates, who have not been assessed earlier for internal assessment, the marks
secured by them in theory paper will be increased proportionately to maximum marks of the paper
in lieu of internal assessment.
The paper setter must put note (ii) in the question paper.
The syllabus has been divided into four units.
There shall be 9 questions in all. The first question is compulsory and shall be short answer type
containing 15 short questions spread over the whole syllabus to be answered in about 25 to 30 words each.
The candidates are required to attempt any 10 short answer type questions carrying 20 marks i.e. 2 marks of
each. Rest of the paper shall contain 4 units. Each unit shall have two questions and the candidates shall be
given internal choice of attempting one question from each Unit – 4 in all. Each question will carry 15
marks.
Unit-I
Philosophy of History
(a) Nature of Historical Understanding
(b) Concepts of Time History and Narrative
(c) Interpretation & explanation of historical processes
Unit-II
A student is expected to be familiar with the views of the following thinkers:-
Vico
Kant
Hegel
Marx
Dilthey
Spengler
Collingwood
Toynbee
Isiah Berlin
Aurobindo
Tagore
Essential Readings :
1. E.H. Carr : What is History?
2. A.J. Toynbee : Civilization on Trial.
3. R.G. Collingwood : Idea of History.
4. Daya Krishna : Consideration Towards a Theory of Social Change.
Further Readings :
1. Patrick Gardiner Ed. : Philosophy of History.
2. W. H. Walsh : Philosophy of History.
3. Paul Ricoueur : Time & Narrative.
20 M. A. PHILOSOPHY PART II SYLLABUS
Objectives of studying Philosophy of Culture :
The aims and objectives in introducing the course on Philosophy of Culture is to acquaint the student to one
of the most challenging areas of philosophical thought. The course deals with the analyses of the key
concepts in the theory of culture while the sociologist, anthropologist and historian formulate theories of
culture, the philosopher examines the very basis on which these theories stand. The problems that present
themselves are varied and many ranging from an analysis of such general concepts as culture, society,
religion, value, art etc. to the semantics of key words which occur in the articulation of these concepts.
Unit-III
Philosophy of Culture
1. Origin and Meaning of Culture.
2. Culture, Civilization & Individual.
3. Definition & Evolution of the rational and non-rational in culture - The Role of Ideology & Utopia.
4. Unity Vs Plurality of Historical Cultures.
Unit-IV
5. Concept of Tradition.
6. Role of Language, Religion, Authenticity and Technology in Cultural Evolution.
7. Cultural Death & Evolution of New Culture.
Essential Readings :
1. E.H. Carr : What is History ?
2. A.J. Toynbee : Civilization of Trial.
3. R.G. Collingwood : Idea of History.
4. Daya Krishna : Consideration Towards A Theory of Social Change.
5. F.S.C. Northrop : Logic of Sciences and Humanities.
6. Malinoswaky : Scientific Theory of Culture.
7. Sneh, Pandit : Perspective in Philosophy of Culture.
8. G.C. Pandey : Meaning & Process of Culture.
9. Eliot : Notes Towards Definition of Culture.
10. Spengler : Decline of the West Chapter I, II, III, IV.
Further Readings :
1. Patrick Gardiner Ed. : Philosophy of History (OUP).
2. W.H. Walsh : Philosophy of History.
3. Paul Ricoueur : Time & Narrative.
4. Daya Krishna : Historiography of Civilization.
5. Aurobindo : Foundation of Culture
---------------------------
Published by : Professor S.S. Bari, Registrar, Panjab University, Chandigarh.
