202 : IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY
UNIT I
1. Immune response : Innate immune mechanisms and characteristics of
adaptive immune response, Hematopoiesis
2. Anatomical organization of immune system : Primary lymphoid organs, Secondary lymphoid
organs. Ontogeny and Phylogeny of lymphocytes, Lymphocyte traffic
3. Cell of the immune system : Mononuclear cells and granulocytes, Antigen presenting cells,
Lymphocytes and their subsets. Antigens, Heptanes: Factors affecting immunogenicity,
properties of T and B Cell epitopes, Super antigens
4. Inflammation; its mediators and the process, Cell adhesion molecules and their role in
inflammation, lymphocyte homing, tissue injury and immune response leading to an
inflammatory reaction, role of anaphylatoxins, granulocytes in inflammatory process
UNIT II
1. Major histocompatibility systems : Structure of MHC I and II molecules,
polymorphism, distribution variation and function. Organization of MHC complex in Mouse
and Humans. Association of MHC with disease
2. Recognition of antigens by T and B Cells : Antigen processing, Role of MHC molecules in
antigen presentation and Costimulatory signals
3. T – cell receptor complex, T-cell accessory membrane molecules, activation of T cells,
Organization and arrangement of T-receptor genes
4. B-cell receptor complex, Activation of B-cells, Immunoglobulins : Molecular structure,
types and functions. Antigenic determinants on immunoglobulins
UNIT III
1. Molecular mechanism of antibody diversity : Organization of genes coding for constant and
variable regions of heavy chains and light chains. Mechanisms of antibody diversity, Class
switching
2. Antibody engineering, Antigen-Antibody interaction, avidity & affinity measurement
3. Monoclonal antibodies: Production, characterization and applications in diagnosis,
therapy and basic research
4. Complement system, components, activation pathways, and regulation of activation
pathways, Complement deficiencies, Role of complement system in immune responses
UNIT IV
1. Cytokines : Structure and functions, cytokine receptors, signal transduction mediated by
cytokine receptors, cytokine regulation of immune responses, cytokine related diseases
and therapeutic applications of cytokines
2. Cytotoxic T cells and their mechanism of action, NK cells and mechanism of target cell
destruction. Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, Delayed type
hypersensitivity. Techniques of Cell mediated immunity
3. Immunoregulation mediated by antigens, antibodies, immune complexes, MHC and
cytokines
4. Hypersensitivity : Definition, IgE mediated hypersensitivity, mechanism of mast cell
degranulation, mediators of type- I reactions and consequences. Type II reactions,
Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity and Delayed type hypersensitivity
UNIT V
1. Autoimmunity : Organ specific diseases, Systemic diseases, Mechanisms of autoimmunity
and therapeutic approaches
2. Immunodeficiency syndromes : Primary immunodeficiencies and Secondary
immunodeficiencies and their diagnosis and therapeutic approaches
3. Vaccines : Active and passive immunization, Whole organism vaccines,
Macromolecules as vaccines, Recombinant-vector vaccines, DNA Vaccines, Synthetic peptide
vaccines and sub-unit vaccines
4. Immunodiagnostics : Precipitation techniques, Agglutination, Fluorescence techniques,
ELISA, RIA, Western blotting and Immno-histochemical techniques
Practical Exercises
1. Blood Film preparation and identification of cells.
2. Lymphoid organs and their microscopic organization.
3. Immunization and production of polyclonal antibodies
4. Double diffusion and Immuno- electrophoresis.
5. Radial Immunodiffusion.
6. Purification of IgG from serum.
7. Separation of mononuclear cells by Ficoll- Hypaque.
8. Con-A induced proliferation of thymocytes (by MTT method).
9. Western –blotting.
10. ELISA
11. Preparation of antibody-enzyme conjugates
Reference Books
1. Kubey, Immunology, R.A. Goldsby, Thomas J. Kindt, Barbara,
A.Osbarne.(Freeman).
2. Immunology- Ashort Course, -Eli Benjamini, Richard Coico, Geoffrey Sunshine.
3. Immunology by Tizzard
4. Fundamentals of immunology, William Paul.
5. Immunology, by Roitt and others.
6. Immunology by Abbas
Note: All text books are of latest editions.
